Formatting Requirements for Publications :: Publishing Papers

Formatting Requirements for Publications rob. In this paper, we describe the formatting requirements for CSCL 2005 publications, and we offer a number of suggestions on writing style for the worldwide CSCL readership. These instructions pertain to the published component of submissions only. Some submissions may require other documentation in addition to the published paper.Keywords Guidelines, formatting instructions, authors kit, conference publicationsINTRODUCTIONThe CSCL 2005 transactions will provide a persistent record of the conference, published in both CD-ROM and paper formats. We hope to give the proceedings a uniform, high-quality appearance. To do this, we ask that authors follow some simple guidelines. In essence, we ask you to make your paper look exactly like this document. The easiest way to do this is simply to download this template and replace the content with your own text and graphics, being careful not to add any new styles or redefine the template styles. Yo u may want to open this document in Word and then Save As CSCL 2005 Template.dot by saving the Change As Type pull-down list to chronicle Template.PAGE SIZEAll material on each page should be centered on an A4 (8.26 x 11.69 inch) page with 2.5cm (or 1 inch) margins all around. It is chief(prenominal) to check these margins even if you use this Word template, because they might have been overwritten by your local settings.TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGESLong cover should be 8-10 pages. Short papers should be 4-5 pages. All other published material, including doctoral consortium abstracts and descriptions of interactive events and workshops, should be 2-3 pages. This includes everything from the title to the references. FORMATTED TEXTCarefully format your submission using the following stylesTitle and AuthorsThe title (Helvetica 18-point bold), authors names (Times New Roman 12-point bold) and affiliations (Times New Roman 12-point not-bold) run across the full width of the page. We also reco mmend that you add your email address using the affiliations style. If only one address is needed, center all address text. For two addresses, use two centered tabs or a fudge (as in this paper), and so on. For more than three authors, you may have to improvise. There should be one blank Normal (10 pt.) line between the title and authors. Abstract and KeywordsPlace two blank Normal (10 pt.) lines after the title, followed by an abstract of about 100 words. The abstract should begin with the word Abstract. in bold, and should be formatted in the Abstract style provided in this template (like Normal, but indented 1cm each side).

Lais Of Marie De France Essay -- Marie France

Throughout the Lais of Marie de France there are several themes presented as central to the various stories. Some of these themes are present in on the whole of the lais. One such example is that of courtly love and its implications. Courtly love being one of the more prominent themes in all of medieval literature, it is fittingly evidented in all of the lais as well. Another theme present in two of the lais is isolation. The theme of isolation plays a large contribution in the stories of Guigemar and Lanval. In each of these lais we see isolation as a factor in determining the fates of the central figures. Within each lai isolation is be on several different occasions, each time having a direct impact on the outcome. These instances of isolation may be seen at times to be similar in nature and consequence, and different at other times. By sifting through both works these instances may be extrapolated and analyzed. In general, isolation seems to be harmful to both of the heroes. One rattling good example of this is toward the beginning of Guigemars tale. They gathered in pursuit of a large unwrap and the hounds were released. The hunters ran in front and the young man lingered behind. (p.44) It is only when Guigemar is alone that he sees the mysterious doe with the antlers of a stag and a fawn. This creature also serves as a signpost telling us that Guigemar has crossed over from this world into the realm of Fairy and magic. It is this encounter with the animal that scandalises Guigemar with an injury only love faeces heal. Directly after this we see another, more ironic example of isolation. Because he has been contuseed Guigemar wants the aid of his friends. My friend, ride quickly and bring my companions back, for I should like to discourse to them. (P.45) By ordering his servant to go and fetch help Guigemar found himself alone again. The young man rode off and Guigemar remained behind, lamenting his suffering. He bound his wound firmly and tight ly with his shirt, then mounted his horse and departed. (p.45) Here we also see an example of foreshadowing. Guigemar uses his shirt to bind his wound, while later in the composition the woman who is to cure him of his wound will untie a knot in another shirt of his, thus proving herself to be his true love. It is this love wound that overcomes Guigemar and forces him away. He is unable to remain and wait for his companions. He feels... ... rides through the town and into court, proving his innocence for him. Upon his release leaves court with his love. He went with her to Avalon, so the Bretons tell us, to a very beautiful island. (p.81) Needless to say, the two of them went alone.There are certain similarities between these two lais with respect to the theme of isolation. For instance, Guigemar must go off alone to the other, magic world to find his love so that he may at long last return and restore order to his life. On the other hand, Lanval, upon finding his love and event ually restoring order to his own life, leaves with her to the other, magical world of Avalon. It is there that they remain together on an island alone. Throughout the two lais isolation proved to be able to manifest itself in slightly different ways, primarily physical removal as opposed to psychological alienation. Although indeed a bit different in the exactitude of their nature, both are undoubtedly linked in their ability to facilitate wondrous happenings in a world where isolation breeds magical events powerful replete to dramatically alter lives. France, Marie. The Lais of Marie de France (Penguin Classics). Penguin Classics, 1999.

Rites Of Passage :: essays research papers fc

Rites of Passage     When an singular experiences movement, or a change from an affixedposition in society to another position, that individual can easily describetheir change as a passage into a new earth of living. A new realm of living isthe stylus in which the individual and society views, acknowledges, and proceedswith their life. Their changes are monumental not only for the individual, butfor his/her society as well. Many changes take place during the yoke of apersons life. They become rites of passage and rituals of initiation-which aremore than just simple changes. A plethora of come with these rites and are foundin all corners of the globe. sacking on vision quests, by the plains Indians ofNorth America, to circumcision by certain Australian cultures, rites of passagepresent a vast table of religious comparisons(Eliade, p. 287-88).     This essay go out examine two rites of initiation, by comparing andcontrasting their importan ce to each culture, and discussing how thatimportance affects that particular individual as well as their society. Finally,the essay give explore possible reasons as to why these initiation rites hold adeep meaning in their respective societies.     The Kurnai of Australia have an initiation rite for the sons of conjoinmen in their perspective villages. Within a section by A. W. Howitt, in Eliadesbook, From Primitives to Zen A thematic Sourcebook of the History of Religions ,a ceremony know as the "Showing the Grandfather" is described(Eliade, p. 288)In this initiation the Kurnai have a formal way of bringing a mans son into thehighest, and some secret realm of their religion. By incorporating the use ofthe father and son relationship, this particular ritual involves the revelationof the central meaning, or "mystery" of their religion. The men and women areseparated. Secrecy is one the most important traditions in this initiation. Theinitiation is not revealed to the women, or anyone else not of their society.The sons, or "novices" as Howitt calls them, are taught the proper religioustraditions that they need to know for the ceremony, and for the rest of theirlives, as this initiation will conclude their step into religious righteousness,and manhood. This all takes place the solar day before the ceremony, while other men,who have already been through the ceremony, school by hunting for food andarranging a site, not too far from the village, where the initiation will takeplace. The next morning, a new day at hand, the novices are taken to the siteat which time the ceremony commences.

So Called Capitalism :: Freedom Governmental Essays

So Called CapitalismFreedom and the right to choose is the essence of capitalism. Capitalism instills the freedom of do a persons strong being and lifestyle as they wish it to be through the facility of choice. Though both industries are deemed capitalistic because America is the great capitalist nation, they really run on feudalistic systems Matewan in more respects than the textile industry Norma Rae works for. The save capitalistic element is that the workers got to choose their employers, but how much choice did they really have? If they chose to work for an industry, each industry would be a feudalistic initiative no matter where they turned. There was no reason why they shouldnt be so exploitive because for years the voice of the people went unheard until it was most muted. Some were too afraid to have a voice, some had a voice and were punished or manipulated, and most just felt it was hopeless. Industries, with their huge desire vaults, were too powerful for the w orkers to overpower alone. They had all the money on their side and therefore all the power. The way the industrial system was formatted was in effect the equal as a feudalistic system. The owner was synonymous to the lord of the manner, the owners right-hand men acted as the knights, and the workers of course played the parts of the overworked serfs. As serfs, as workers in Matewan and the textile industry, the choice of living in a socially acceptable way was just not within grasp. Lives in both instances were regulated by the industry or the feudal lord. Freedom was nonexistent and therefore so was capitalism.The industry became engrained in the workers lives they lived and breathed in the manner the industry saw fit. non only did the industry own the actual factory or mine, it owned the town, it owned the education, it owned the people. It gave the people a way to survive and a well being good enough so that they could keep working. Capitalism revolves around the idea of a labor market the workers are able to choose their employer and tell on their units of lifetime, but in the instances of the coal mine and the textile factory, the people were virtually forced into selling their entire life.

Analysis Of Sir Gawain Essay -- essays research papers

Sir Gawain and the super C Knight contains many themes. Some of these themes are to a greater extent obvious than others. Love, lust, loyalty, deceit, trust, courage, virtue, and righteousness are around of the themes within the poem. There are some more that are hidden within the concepts of the ideas that the poem presents. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, translated by John Gardner, many different themes are addressed throughout the story. The translation by John Gardner portrays these themes by using specific characters, medieval symbolism, and confused settings within the story.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a great work of medieval literature. The story is considered to be verse romance. There are not many substantialness facts on the story. The story was composed in the second half of the fourteenth century. It is likely that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written around 1375. The seed of the piece be unknown, but we do know of the northwestern dialect of Mi ddle English with which he wrote the poem. The unknown author also consciously wrote in an old-fashioned style. The author is usually referred to as the Gawain poet or the Pearl poet. Three poems were included with Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Pearl, Patience, and Purity were all with Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in the equal manuscript. This is the reason the author is named as the Pearl poet, in addition to the Gawain poet. All four poems were uniquely named cotton wool Nero A.X. This is due to the manuscripts previous owner, Sir Robert Cotton. Cotton supposedly acquired the manuscript from Yorkshire bibliophile Henry Savile (1568-1617), but its whereabouts before then are unknown (Grolier).Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was first edited and published in 1839 by Madden, whose entire name in uncertain. He called the untitled poem Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyyt. The poem did not receive much attention at all until the source of the twentieth century. In 1916, George Lyman Kittredges ongoing study of the poem contained extremely valuable research of the sources and analogues of the poem. Many other authors focused on the text, language, and possible authors of the work. In the 1930s and 40s there was a rise of mythic criticism of the poem, as many scholars sought to interpret Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with new knowledge of medie... ...ces, and the most complex in intention, exhibiting a subtlety of presentation and density of implication which we have only begun to appreciate. In other words, we have only skimmed the attentive and meaningful intentions of the Gawain poet. We have only started to appreciate and understand the poem. All in all, there is so much more to find within the piece, more lessons to be learned, and morals to be taught.Gardner, John. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Elements of Literature. Orlando,Florida Harcourt Brace and Company, 1997 161-172.Gibbons, Frances Vargas. Sir Gawains Mentors. London, England Landmark Press, 1998 articles 1-2.Samuels, Jonathan. The Gawain Poet Criticism and Symbolism in SGGK. Ed. HaroldMorgan. New York, New York Johnston Press, 1987.Gardner, John Champlin, Jr. The New Grolier multimedia Encyclopedia. Dallas,Texas Grolier Inc. CD-ROM. Disc 1.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Galenet. Gale research 1999

Analysis Of Sir Gawain Essay -- essays research papers

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight contains many themes. Some of these themes atomic number 18 more obvious than others. Love, lust, loyalty, deceit, trust, courage, virtue, and righteousness are most of the themes deep down the poem. There are some more that are hidden within the concepts of the ideas that the poem presents. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, translated by John Gardner, many different themes are addressed throughout the story. The translation by John Gardner portrays these themes by using specific characters, medieval symbolism, and various settings within the story.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a cracking work of medieval literature. The story is considered to be verse romance. There are not many solid facts on the story. The story was composed in the back half of the fourteenth century. It is likely that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written around 1375. The author of the piece remains unknown, precisely we do know of the northwestern barbarism of Middle English with which he wrote the poem. The unknown author also consciously wrote in an old-fashioned style. The author is usually referred to as the Gawain poet or the Pearl poet. terzetto poems were included with Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Pearl, Patience, and Purity were all with Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in the same manuscript. This is the reason the author is named as the Pearl poet, in addition to the Gawain poet. All four poems were uniquely named Cotton Nero A.X. This is due to the manuscripts previous owner, Sir Robert Cotton. Cotton supposedly acquired the manuscript from Yorkshire bibliophile Henry Savile (1568-1617), but its whereabouts before then are unknown (Grolier).Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was first edited and published in 1839 by Madden, whose entire name in uncertain. He called the untitled poem Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyyt. The poem did not receive much attention at all until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1916, George Lyman Kittredges ongoing remove of the poem contained extremely valuable research of the sources and analogues of the poem. Many other authors focused on the text, language, and possible authors of the work. In the 1930s and 40s there was a rise of mythical criticism of the poem, as many scholars sought to interpret Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with new knowledge of medie... ...ces, and the most complex in intention, exhibiting a subtlety of showing and density of implication which we have only begun to appreciate. In other words, we have only skimmed the thoughtful and meaningful intentions of the Gawain poet. We have only started to appreciate and comprehend the poem. All in all, there is so much more to find within the piece, more lessons to be learned, and morals to be taught.Gardner, John. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Elements of Literature. Orlando,Florida Harcourt Brace and Company, 1997 161-172.Gibbons, Frances Vargas. Sir Gawains Mentors. London, England Landmark Pre ss,1998 articles 1-2.Samuels, Jonathan. The Gawain Poet Criticism and Symbolism in SGGK. Ed. HaroldMorgan. New York, New York Johnston Press, 1987.Gardner, John Champlin, Jr. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Dallas,Texas Grolier Inc. CD-ROM. Disc 1.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Galenet. Gale research 1999

Part Five Chapter IV

IVA misty blue sky stretched like a dome everyplace Pagford and the Fields. Dawn light shone upon the old stone war memorial in the Square, on the cracked concrete faades of Foley Road, and turned the white walls of Hilltop House wan gold. As Ruth Price climbed into her car ready for another long shift at the hospital, she looked down at the River Orr, shining like a money ribbon in the distance, and felt how completely unjust it was that somebody else would soon have her house and her view.A mile below, in church building Row, Samantha Mollison was still laborious asleep in the spare bedroom. There was no lock on the door, only if she had barricaded it with an armchair before collapsing, semi-dressed, onto the bed. The beginnings of a vicious headache disturbed her slumber, and the secede of sunshine that had penetrated the gap in the curtains fell like a laser beam across the corner of one eye. She twitched a little, in the depths of her dry-mouthed, anxious half-sleep, and h er dreams were punishable and strange.Downstairs, among the clean, bright surfaces of the kitchen, Miles sat bolt upright and alone with an untouched mug of tea in front of him, staring at the fridge, and stumbling again, in his minds eye, upon his drunken wife locked in the embrace of a sixteen-year-old schoolboy.Howard Mollison was sleeping soundly and happily in his double bed. The patterned curtains dappled him with pink petals and protected him from a rude awakening, but his rattling wheezing snores had roused his wife. Shirley was eating toast and drinking coffee in the kitchen, wearing her glasses and her candlewick dressing gown. She visualized Maureen swaying arm in arm with her maintain in the village hall and experienced a concentrated loathing that took the taste from every mouthful.In the Smithy, a few miles outside Pagford, Gavin Hughes soaped himself under a hot shower and wondered why he had never had the courage of other men, and how they managed to make the righ t choices among almost infinite alternatives. There was a yearning indoors him for a life he had glimpsed but never tasted, yet he was afraid. Choice was dangerous you had to forgo all other possibilities when you chose.Kay Bawden was lying awake and worn in bed in Hope Street, listening to the early morning quiet of Pagford and watching germanium, who was asleep beside her in the double bed, pale and drained in the early daylight. There was a bucket next to Gaia on the floor, placed there by Kay, who had half carried her miss from bathroom to bedroom in the early hours, after holding her hair out of the toilet for an hour. wherefore did you make us come here? Gaia had wailed, as she choked and retched all over the bowl. Get off me. Get off. I fuck I hate you.Kay watched the sleeping face and recalled the beautiful little baby who had slept beside her, sixteen years ago. She remembered the rupture that Gaia had shed when Kay had split up with Steve, her live-in partner of eigh t years. Steve had attended Gaias parents evenings and taught her to ride a bicycle. Kay remembered the fantasy she had nurtured (with hindsight, as silly as four-year-old Gaias wish for a unicorn) that she would settle down with Gavin and give Gaia, at last, a permanent stepfather, and a beautiful house in the country. How desperate she had been for a storybook ending, and a life to which Gaia would always want to return because her daughters departure was hurtling towards Kay like a meteorite, and she fore byword the loss of Gaia as a calamity that would shatter her world.Kay reached out a submit beneath the duvet and held Gaias. The feel of the warm flesh that she had accidentally brought into the world made Kay start to weep, quietly, but so violently that the mattress shook.And at the bottom of Church Row, Parminder Jawanda slipped a coat on over her nightdress and took her coffee into the back garden. Sitting in the chilly sunlight on a wooden bench, she saw that it was promi sing to be a beautiful day, but there seemed to be a blockage between her eyes and her heart. The heavy weight on her titty deadened everything.The news that Miles Mollison had won Barrys seat on the Parish Council had not been a surprise, but on seeing Shirleys neat little announcement on the website, she had cognize another flicker of that madness that had overtaken her at the last meeting a desire to attack, superseded almost at once by stifling hopelessness. Im going to de-escalate from the council, she told Vikram. Whats the point?But you like it, he had said.She had liked it when Barry had been there too. It was easy to conjure him up this morning, when everything was quiet and still. A little, ginger-bearded man she had been taller than him by half a head. She had never felt the slightest physical attraction towards him. What was love, after all? image Parminder, as a gentle breeze ruffled the tall hedge of leyland cypresses that enfold the Jawandas big back lawn. Was it love when somebody filled a space in your life that yawned inside you, once they had gone?I did love laughing, thought Parminder. I really miss laughing.And it was the memory of laughter that, at last, made the tears flow from her eyes. They trickled down her nose and into her coffee, where they made little bullet holes, fleetly erased. She was crying because she never seemed to laugh any more, and also because the previous evening, while they had been listening to the jubilant distant thump of the disco in the church hall, Vikram had said, Why dont we visit Amritsar this summer?The Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the religion to which he was indifferent. She had known at once what Vikram was doing. Time lay slack and empty on her reach as never before in her life. Neither of them knew what the GMC would decide to do with her, once it had considered her ethical breach towards Howard Mollison.Mandeep says its a big tourist trap, she had replied, dismissing Amritsar at a strok e.Sukhvinder had crossed the lawn without Parminder noticing. She was dressed in jeans and a baggy sweatshirt. Parminder hastily wiped her face and squinted at Sukhvinder, who had her back to the sun.I dont want to go to work today.Parminder responded at once, in the same spirit of automatic contradiction that had made her turn down Amritsar. Youve made a commitment, Sukhvinder.I dont feel well.You mean youre tired. Youre the one who wanted this job. forthwith you fulfil your obligations.But Youre going to work, snapped Parminder, and she might have been pronouncing sentence. Youre not giving the Mollisons another reason to complain.After Sukhvinder walked back to the house Parminder felt guilty. She almost called her daughter back, but instead she made a mental note that she must try and find time to sit down with her and talk to her without arguing.

The al-Qaeda training manual is sobering and provocative

The al-Qaeda training manual(a) is sobering and provocative in terms of what it says, besides it is equally enlightening and relevant for what it does not say.The contents of the manual, as well as its omissions, give us a firsthand perspective of the type that has proven so baffling with regard to this particular confrontation the authors of this manual clearly did not intend for it to fall into double-uern hands, and the manual must be used by the West to revisit and reconsider its counterterrorism strategies, especially as they pertain to the motivations and the tactical capabilities of the enemy.While the majority of the manual focuses on the tactical minutiae of employing political violence, its first pages address the motivations of the authors, articulating their perceived grievances against the West.While the superior Western paradigm of rational and deterable political actors have led most to focus on specific aspects of Western, and especially American, policies in t he Muslim world to conjecture about the motivations of the enemy, the training manual points more to social forces than to military or economic ones as the foundation of the Islamists anger.Al-Qaedas authors write in a disconcertingly eloquent way of the sister believer whose clothes the criminals have stripped off.1 This is clearly a somewhat overblown metaphor for the secularization of Muslims countries since the condemnation of Ataturk.This point cannot be stressed enough the word Palestine, that cause clbre for disaffected Muslims, does not appear in this manual. Rather they authors see themselves as being at war with the forces of secularization in the Muslim world.This leads us to the second fundamental point of al-Qaedas grievances the focus on the go up enemy. The near enemy is, for al-Qaeda, every government in the Muslim world, save perhaps one or two. These governments, in eyes of Islamists, have exchange out the faith in the interest of aping the west.This betrayal h as extended from banning traditional Muslim dress to forging military and economic alliances with the United States. The West, in turn, and the United States in particular, is the far enemy. Al-Qaedas paradigm holds that the corrupt and illegitimate rulers of the Arab and Muslim world cling to power only collectable to the sponsorship of the United States.This claim is not entirely without merit, and is a common claim heard in the Arab world particularly. To illustrate the depths of the contempt for secular Muslim governments, the manual describes them as being worse than European imperialists, a scathing indictment from such a xenophobic movement.2Al-Qaeda initially focused on the near enemy, but after a strategic rift within the group, which was won by Osama bin Laden, the far enemy came into the crosshairs. The idea was that a catastrophic attack would be easier to organize and execute in an open society and that an attack in the continental United States would bring attention t o their cause that they would not gain by bombing all the embassies in Africa.The 9/11 attack was al-Qaedas announcement of the shift from targeting the near enemy to targeting the far enemy. When assessing the tactical details of this manual, we must keep in mind that they are clearly crafted to be implemented in a police state of the type that the near enemy has no shortage of. We can only conclude that terrorists able to operate in closed societies will be much more capable of direct in an open society.

Ethics in Nursing Essay

Nurses are to provide compassionate, competent, and good business organization, and follow the moral principles and guidelines set out by the College of Nurses and the Canadian Nurses Associations computer code of ethics. The nursing profession is a self-sacrificing one, and nourishs take on the Nightingale Pledge, to elevate the standard of their practice and dedicate themselves to those committed in their care (Keatings & Smith, 2010, p. 64) hitherto unfavourable working conditions, inadequate tolerant to nurse ratios, and intensive job-related stress can lead to poor performance of daily routines, and adversely patient guard (Ozata et al., 2013). In the situation regarding Mr. Gurt who suffers from Parkinsons disease, it is vital for the nurse to weigh him at the beginning of each month. This is her obligation under her employing institutions standards of care, as advantageously under the autonomy of her employment in which any deviation from this could result in exposure to liability (Austin 2006, p. 62).In order for the nurse to properly care for Mr. Gurt, assessing his accurate weight is essential in providing a care plan that go forth focus on his overall wellness and healing. Because Mr. Gurt is frail, and has stage one instancy ulcers on both heels and his coccyx, it is imperative that he has every opportunity to build up his skin integrity and prevent future disruption of his skin surface. Complications that may arise because of the nurses neglect in failing to weigh him, may contribute to other underlying problems. General health concerns Mr. Gurt would be approach on top of his current co- morbidities would include a decline his general appearance, gastrointestinal, neurologic, integumentary, and musculoskeletal systems (Holloway, 2004, p. 80). By recording a weight of 70kg with a height of 170cm, the nurse calculated Mr. Gurts Body Mass Index (BMI) at 24.2 which is borderline overweight, when in fact it was 14.5, with 18.5 being the ba seline for being underweight (http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/ obesity/ BMI/bmicalc.htm., n.d.).harmonize to this value, it would be likely that Mr. Gurt would suffer from imbalanced nutrition, less than his torso requirements leading to other complications and failing to thrive. Nanda defines failure to thrive as the progressive functional fall of a physical and cognitive nature. The individuals ability to live with multisystem diseases, cope withensuing problems, and manage his care are remarkably diminished (Ackley & Ladwig, 2011, p. 350). To extend on to potential problems, drug doses are given establish on factors such as age, gender, and the weight of a patient (Raman-Wilms, 2013). Since Mr. Gurt is elderly and suffering from the personal do of Parkinsons with an imbalance of neurotransmitter activity between dopamine and acetylcholine, there may be fewer receptors and a decrease in neurotransmitters to take up his drugs (Raman-Wilms, 2013). Levadopa a dopaminergic medi cation which treats the symptoms of Parkinsons disease should be reviewed with personate weight changes (Raman-Wilms, 2013). A study looking into the factors of weight loss in Parkinsons looked at the effects of dopaminergic treatment which suggested that the drug had a lipolytic effect and body mass fat was decreased with the advancement of Parkinsons symptoms (Lorefalt, 2004, p.186).The potential magnitude and likelihood of harm occurring in this pillow slip is significant as drug tolerances, adverse effects, and venomous effects are high, making the liver and kidneys susceptible to disease (Urquhart, 2014), as Mr. Gurts body mass index indicates he is underweight and a higher risk for drug overdoses. Effectiveness of this drug will diminish over time in which the adverse effects may become severe and may include palpitations, abdominal movement, dizziness, and confusion (Raman-Wilms, 2013, p. 331). Incorrect doses of his medication could lead to physical and psychological iss ues based on the nurses documented weight and his actual weight. Failing to weigh Mr. Gurt will pee-pee a great impact on his nutritional needs, but will also affect his ability to heal his pressure ulcers on his heels and coccyx. Mr. Gurt is emaciated which may be in part to dysphasia, tremors, still muscles, and slow movements among other symptoms of Parkinsons (Wilk & Newmaster, 2013, p. 288). As well, Mr. Gurts weight is evidence that he is not receiving the nutritional intake his bodys immune system requires to create the proteins and blood cells (macrophages the bodys first line of defence), needed to attack and repair his wounds, and prevent the risk for infection (Raman-Wilms, 2013).The nurses blatant disregard to weigh Mr. Gurt puts him at greater risk for infection and is a form of negligence. Negligence in nursing can be unintentional, however it is important to understand the effects this has on health professionals practicing in Ontario. A registered nurse is responsib le to follow the standard of care when performing nursingacts under autonomy within their scope of practise (College of Nurses, 2004) (CNO, 2004). Standard of Care is the legal benchmark against which a persons conduct is measured to determine whether a person has been negligent and whether the persons conduct or actions in a given situation have met those expected of a competent health care professional (Keatings & Smith, 2010). The College of Nurses is the governing body for registered nurses that protect the public through regulating the nursing profession (CNO, 2014). A practising nurse is obliged to follow the standards of care and ethical guidelines set out by this governing body (CNO, 2014). The College of Nurses lists seven ethical values which are all important, but recognizes that guest well-being is a primary value (CNO, 2014).The College of Nurses connotation of client well-being is to promote the patients health, while preventing or removing harm (CNO, 2014). In the cas e regarding Mr. Gurt, where the nurse is required to weigh him monthly and record the data, she is morally responsible for the patients well-being and for any adverse outcomes regarding his health for failing to provide safe care. The nurses complacency in failing to weigh Mr. Gurt, a simple act, would be of concern in investigating her moral responsibility in providing ethical care in her work environment. The nurses ethical duty is to advocate for her patients and provide safe, effective, and ethical care (CNO, 2014). Possible outcomes that could arise for the nurse in failing to provide ethical care include her fellow worker filing a complaint to the College of Nurses, a discipline hearing with the College of nurses, and possibly a lawsuit (CNO, 2014). Potter & Perry note the criteria nurses can be found apt for negligence as summarized the nurse owed the duty to the patient to whom that duty was not carried out and the patient was injured for failing to carry out that duty (Pot ter & Perry 2013, p. 96).A common negligent act is failing to monitor a patients condition adequately (Potter et al., 2013, p. 97). For a nurse to be sued, and in the case with Mr. Gurt, the nurse had carelessly not performed a duty which was vital to his ongoing care. While the ability to predict harm is evaluated is this case, the nurse had committed a misemploy doing to Mr. Gurt and could be tried as an unintentional tort. (Potter et al., 2013, p. 97-98). According to the Criminal Code, 1985, if Mr. Gurt was to pass away as a result of improper care or toxic levels of medication being given dueto the nurse failing to weigh him, the nurse could also face criminal liability if the nurse was proven to have a reckless disregard for her patient (Potter et al., 2013, p. 99-100). The best way for nurses to avoid being negligent is to follow the standards of care be self aware and to echo on their nursing practise to follow the ethical framework established by the College of Nurses and to continually educate themselves on best practices, assessments, and evaluations within their nursing abilities (Potter et al., 2013, p.98). With that in mind, one final thing I would suggest is to have professional liability and legal assistance protection insurance coverage.ReferencesBIBLIOGRAPHY l 4105 Ackley, J. A., Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis Handbook (9th ed.). St. Louis Mosby/Elsevier Canada. Austin, S. (2006). Ladies & gentlemen of the jury, I present the nursing documentation. Nursing, 56-64 Calculate Your Body Mass Index. (n.d.).Calculate Your BMI. Retrieved June 4, 2014, from http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/BMI/bmicalc.htm.(n.d.). College of Nurses of Ontario/Ordre des Infirmires et Infirmiers de lOntario. (2014). College of Nurses of Ontario. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http//www.cno.org/ Holloway, N. (1999). Medical-Surgical Care Planning. Orinda Springhouse Corporation. Keatings, M. (2010). Ethical & Legal Issues in Canadian Nursing (3rd ed. ). TorontoMosby/Elsevier Canada. Lorefalt, B., Ganowiak, W., Palhagen, S., Toss, G., Unosson, M., Granerus, A.K,.(2004). Factors of Importance for Weight Loss in Elderly Patients with Parkinsons disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 180-187. Ozata, O., Ozturk, Y.E., Cihangiroglu, N., Altunkan, H. (2013). The Development of a Scale of Malpractice Trend in Nursing and severeness and Reliabilty Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research, 57-65. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Kerr, J. C., & Wood, M. J. (2009). Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing (4th ed.). Toronto Mosby/Elsevier Canada. Raman-Wilms, L. (2013). Guide to Drugs in Canada (4th ed.). Toronto Dorling Kindersley. Urquhart, B. (2014). Exploring how kidney failure impacts the bodys systems. Western News. Wilk, M. J., Newmaster, R. (2013). Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker.Toronto Mosby/ Elsevier Canada.

Branches Of Biology Essay

Levels of OrganizationWhy do we need to learn about levels of presidency?Helps us to understand how our world fits togetherHelps us to organize the structures of animate systems and how they all work together1. Organelles little organs Small structures inside of a cell that perform a specific function. Examples include mitochondria, nucleus, and Golgi body2. Cell- Basic unit of structure & function in conduct. Cells are the building blocks of all living things.3. Tissue A group of the same kind of cells working together for a specific purpose4. Organs A part of an organism do up of tissues that do a specific job.5. Organ Systems A group of organs that work together for a specific job.9. Organism Any living thing.10. Population -A group of the same organism living together. This word is often used to describe the size of the group. 11. Community- Several populations living together and interacting in somewhat way. 12. Ecosystem All the biotic communities plus all abiotic factors. MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY The word philosophy is derived from the Greek words philia (love) and sophia (wisdom) and means the love of wisdom. Pythagoras was said to realize been the starting man to call himself a philosopher in fact, the world is indebted to him for the word philosopher.It is said that when Leon, the tyrant of Philius, asked him of who he was, he said, a Philosopher and he likened the Philosopher to spectators at antique games. Before that time the wise men had called themselves a sage, which was interpreted to mean those who know. Pythagoras was more modest. He coined the word philosopher, which he defined as one who is attempting to note out. According to him, men and women of the world could be classified into 3 groups (1. those that love pleasure) (2. those that love activity) and (3. those that love wisdom.)MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, much(prenominal) as those connected with existence, knowledg e, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate, understand, and answer fundamental drumheads.NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe, which are often held uncritically. We refer to this inwardness as the informal sense of philosophy or having a philosophy. Usually when a person says my philosophy is, he or she is referring to an informal personal attitude to whatever topic is being discussed. 2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. These two senses of philosophy having and doing cannot be treated entirely independent of each other, for if we did not have a philosophy in the formal, personal sense, then we could not do a philosophy in the critical, reflective sense. Having a philosophy, however, is not sufficient for doing philosophy. 3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole. Philosophy seeks to combi ne the conclusions of the various sciences and human experience into some kind of consistent world view.Philosopherswish to see life, not with the specialized slant of the scientist or the businessperson or the artist, but with the overall view of someone cognizant of life as a totality. 4. Philosophy is the tenacious analysis of language and the light of the heart and soul of words and concepts. . Certainly this is one function of philosophy. In fact, nearly all philosophers have used methods of analysis and have sought to clarify the meaning of terms and the use of language. Some philosophers see this as the main task of philosophy, and a few claim this is the only legitimate function of philosophy.5. Philosophy is a group of perennial problems that interest people and for which philosophers always have sought answers. Philosophy presses its inquiry into the deepest problems of human existence. Some of the philosophical questions raised in the quondam(prenominal) have been ans wered in a manner satisfactory to the majority of philosophers. Many questions, however, have been answered only tentatively, and many problems remain unsolved. What is truth? What is the distinction between honest and wrong? What is life and why am I here? Why is there anything at all?IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY1. The study of Philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly about important issues. 2. In studying Philosophy, we learn to take a step back from our everyday thinking and to research the deeper, bigger question which underpins our thought. 3. The focus in the study of Philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how to think. 4. Studying philosophy sharpens your analytical abilities, enabling you to identify and mensurate the strengths and weaknesses in any position. 5. It hones your ability to construct and articulate cogent arguments of your own. 6. It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think flexibly and creatively about problems which d o not present immediate solutions. 7. Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it also develops your ability to think and work independently.BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHYHistorically, philosophical concerns have been treated under these broad categories 1. Logic, 2. Metaphysics, 3. Epistemology, 4. Value theory A. LOGIC Logic is the systematic study of the rules for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rules we can use to let outgood arguments from bad ones. Most of the great philosophers from Aristotle to the present have been convinced that logic permeates all other sleevees of philosophy. The ability to test arguments for logical consistency, understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for doing philosophy12. B. METAPHYSICS Another traditional branch of Philosophy traditionally know as metaphysics. For Aristotle, the term metaphysics meant first philosophy, discussio n of the most universal principles later the term came to mean comprehensive thinking about the nature of things. It means, usually, the study or theory of reality. The question of metaphysics is what is reality? What is real? Is reality some kind of thing. Is it one or is it many? If it is one, then how is it related to many things slightly us? Can ultimate reality be grasped by five senses, or is it supernatural or transcendent? Metaphysics undoubtedly is the branch of philosophy that the new-made student finds most difficult to grasp. Metaphysics attempts to offer a comprehensive view of all that exists. It is concerned with such problems as the relation of mind to matter, the nature of change, the meaning of freedom, the existence of God, and the belief in personal immortality.13. C. EPISTEMOLOGY The technical term for the theory of knowledge is epistemology, which comes from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge. In general, epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the sources, nature, and asperity of knowledge. There are three central questions in this field (1) What are the sources of knowledge? Where does genuine knowledge come from or how do we know? This is the question of origins. (2) What is the nature of knowledge? Is there a real world outside the mind, and if so can we know it?D. VALUE THEORY Value theory is the branch of philosophy that studies values. It can be subdivided into ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy. In broad terms ethics concerns itself with the question of morality. What is right and what is wrong in human dealings? Within morality and ethics there are three major areas descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and metaethics. Descriptive ethics seeks to identify moral experience in a descriptive way.We seek to identify, within the range of human conduct, the motives, desires, and intentions as well as overt acts themselves.

James Berardinelli. “Twelve Monkeys” Essay

12 monkeysIntroduction In the depiction 12 monkeys there was a computer virus which was deliberately released in 1996 and killed more than five billion community. The survivors went to seek refuge into the underground sending volunteers to bring insect specimen from the universe to scrutiny for the virus presence. One of the sent prisoners is James cole who goes is given a chance to go back to 1996 but he is taken to 1990 instead. He remembers things as if he was in a dream. Among the things is where he remembers witnessing a man be killed in the airport while he was a child. This is what is always seen to be the amount stage in whole movie (Lynette, 3). Below is a discussion on how mental illness can be judged on this particular movie for part one, part two discusses the rendering of mental illness in regard to the social norms and believes, with part three closing with the discussion of how Coles regard relate to Platos allegory of the cave. In this film, mental illness is f eatured in many instances for instance, when Jose mentions that the so called volunteers are said to go mad. This presents a clear show of mental illness in the movie. We also nonice cole being locked up in the mental institution with other lunatics, present that there were other many lunatics present. Goines is definitely crazy or schizoid because of his hallucinating and grandiosity nature. Dr. Railly, the psychiatrist alludes that may be the whole existence may be in of sound mind(predicate). We really dont understand if cole was really from the futureor was he mentally divergent. We notice cole questioning his mental capabilities, where he asks himself if it could not be great if he was crazy. Simultaneously the Dr. is convinced that he is from the furfure of which we know that this can not be right (Lynette, 8). If he was really sane and from the furfure, then how can one explain the voice that he hears, the one he calls bum calling him Bob, what of the changing guard pla ques what of the fact that he is never seen coming or leaving and his memory lapses? We really cant know the physical divergence he claims to have because one cant explain his fore knowledge about the boy in the well. The appearances in the world War onephotos and the bullets in his leg. In short, this movie seems to be implying that we may not be mentally ill or weird than the world we live. Relative to the social believes and norms, mental illness or abnormality can be seen as not being an exact process as it tends to focus on different individuals with different lines of thinking. This relies on different situations, behaviors and context to which the measurement is applied (Weinberger ,2001) In defining abnormality, people from different societies and countries have varied ideas. Each and every culture has its own concepts of what it considers to be normal or abnormal. This can make us conclude that what is considered as abnormal in one society is not the same in other societies . So, there is no society which is mere sterling(prenominal) than the other in their perception of mental illness or one society has got many mental disorders than the other (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). If we look at the dispute from the norms, something or somebody can be considered abnormal if does not conform to what could be considered statistically abnormal. Those who focus on this aspect, only consider specific aspects. For instance, the intelligence service quotient (IQ), the personal characteristics and their distribution. Asserting that a person is is abnormal in this aspect typically means that they deviate from the numeric average of a specific trait and behavior patterns. The other mostly applied aspect in examining the mental illness of people is the deviation from the social norms. Naturally, some behaviors are considered as being not accepted in the society, but they can still be expected to be applied in certain situations. The majority of the populat ion knows how to objurgate and come along with these changes (Weinberger ,2001). The ones that contradict this are taken as abnormal or mentally ill on the extremes. Also, a person is considered abnormal if he/she is not functioning correctly in that he or she may lack a full range of emotion and feelings and therefore his life is considered abnormal. These kinds of people can only be able to participate in only limited range of functioning lifestyle(American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Distress can also be used to gauge the mental illness capability of people as it could be an underlying mental problem. Another aspect in the social norms definition of mental illness is the persons association with others. If a person relation with others courses people to feel discomfort, it could be taken as these people are not mentally right. Along with this is the peoples unpredictable behavior which could much reflect on their mental health. The Coles experiences relate to the Platos alle gatory of the cave as his allegations that the real world may not be what our senses reveal. In relation to the Coles experience, we see him moving from one world of the past to the furfure or the vice varsa. In real this could only be a dream or mere imaginations, this alludes that Coles experiences could be reflecting Platos thoughts or allegations. In his Dialogue with Glaucon, we are not sure of the cave which he was referring to, either it could be the underground that the people had escaped to after the virus struck the universe or the prison where Cole was imprisoned. When he imagined that the prisoners could think that the sound that they heard were really coming from the shadows, it coincides with Cole seeing the changing face of the guard and that of omnipresence. His concepts on the shadows could reflect Coles switching from one world to another. Was what he saw from the 1990 world true or could it his experience from the 1996 and 2035? Which was the truer experience? On the last part of their discussion with Glaucon, he tells him that they, meaning the government, can not show any gratitude for the culture which they have never received. This could be reflecting the 12 monkeys who had released the virus that almost eliminated the human race according to the film. He said that with education on how to tackle issues, one will be able to turn thumbs down these ill minded people, reflecting Coles endeavors.ReferencesRoger Ebert (1996-01-05). 12 Monkeys.Chicago Sun-TimesLynette Rice (August 26, 2013). 12 monkeys pilot. Entertainment WeeklyJames Berardinelli. Twelve Monkeys.ReviewsCommission on behavioral and Social Sciences Education, National Research Council. 2000. How People Learn Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC National Academies Press.Weinberger, D., Torrey, E.F., and Berman, K. 2001. Schizophrenia PET scan. Retrieved July 13, 2008American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of rational Disorders, 4th EditionThe Allegory of the Cave http//www.historyguide.org/intellect/allegory.htmlSource document

Art History Essay

1. How does Ernst Gombrich define sprint and how might we understand the relationship between an objects style and the time and tooshie in which it was created? Ernst Gombrich defines style as any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is per figed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made. He also portrays style as distinguished event or pieces that has desirable consistency and conspicuousness and stands out from a mass of undistinguished events or objects. In relation to time and place in which style was created, The analysis of stylistic traditions in terms of the means peculiar to individual arts cuts across another approach, which is less interested in longitudinal study of evolution than in the synchronic characterization of all activities of a particular group, nation, or period.2. Based upon the readings, what is the relationship between style and form? Style is observing and seeing recognizable features in an object form is in representin g the event, portrays the idea, in which style and form come together to create vivid representation.3. Jacques-Louis David is often described as the leader of the Neo spotless school of painting and Oath of the Horatii is frequently described as the quintessential Neoclassical painting. Identify five dollar bill elements of Davids painting that might be described as Neoclassical. 1. Neoclassic artists and critics sought to revive the ideal of classical Greece and Rome. The drapery and clothing worn by the figures in the drawing represent the classical Greek era, as well as the columns in the background show a great representation of classical architecture.4. The harsh, slanting light gives the figures their relief, and their contrasting characters are conveyed using different forms. The figures are separated by large empty spaces in a stage-like area shown head-on. The employ shade and shadow contrasted to the lighting emphasis enhanced the perception of depth.5. There is a sens e of order, logic, and clarity in the subject matter and content, concepts such as dedicating it to a ruler. Also there is a sense of decorum, appropriateness, and morality was emphasized. The painting isnt styled with playful subject matter, or dreamy mythological, Greek god-like figures and bright colors, only when technical approach by the artist.6. Through the use of shade and applied shadows to representing deuce-ace dimensional space on a two dimensional canvas. The 1-point military position of the room was convincely natural the human figures were well proportioned and anatomically accurate.7. The return to the Roman antiquity was the primary source of inspiration, which led to a period of revival meeting in classicism and classical knowledge. It was also a period of enlightenment and rational thinking. This entire picture was a result of an imagination, drawn up with convincing realism to serve as an illustration to convince the viewers at their first glance.8. Explain t he significance of genre and narrative in the classification of Davids Oath as Neoclassical. This image is classified in the genre of history painting. This painting was based on the legend about the founding of Rome. David tells the story of three brothers that make an oath of loyalty to their father blasphemy defend their city til death. . Most Neo-Classical paintings take their subjects from Ancient Greek and Roman history. In this painting, the Horatii brothers are swearing an oath on their swords, which their father presents to them to fight until they die for their country. David creates the ideal image to represent greater seriousness and moral commitment, which are the basic principles of Neo-Classicism. David achieves what most classic artists and critics strive for in their art by reviving the idea of classical Greece and Rome.

Porter’s five forces Essay

It is genuinely signifi stick outt for the dose companies and super trades to use the five forces to realise that they strategic altogethery position themselves in a way that they become very private-enterprise(a) to make certainly that they remain in business and also make and maximize profits. Managers experience a very important role in ensuring that they do enough analysis so that they employ strategies to make them make the outstrip out of the business that they do. doormans forces can be analyzed to act as gigabyte sticks for the super securities industrys and the do medicines companies to position themselves so as to do a profitable business as they view a very agonistical and saturated purlieu that is very lovesome to changes. (McGahan, 2004)The supermarkets and the dose companies should utilize the Michael Porters five forces analyses as a framework to guide them operate in the competitive environment. The forces that mend the supermarkets and drug compan ies be those that ar close to them and need to be properly analyzed since they affect their faculty to effectively serve their customers and also make profits.When the supermarkets and drug companies face changes in the five forces, they need to look back the market place and make decisions that ordain correspond that they remain profitable and repugn their competitors. Their management should extremely depend on research and marketing intelligence to gather the necessary information that leave financial aid them make sound decisions that ordain help their firms since they argon faced with a deal out of competition from their agree competitors.The closeness of substitutesSubstitutes are alternative products that experience the ability to satisfy similar needs and give solutions. Substitutes in the supermarkets and drug industries reduce the potential returns since they place a ceiling on the scathes offered for products. Firms that realize that products being offered throng aim a lot of profits look for substitutes products that can substitute so that they whitethorn also love profits. Drug companies face a big challenge since scientists and researchers are coming up with products generic drugs that struggle very much with the vivacious original products.Due to research, drug industries are discovering new products every sidereal day that are either more than effective or cure the uniform diseases. This has become a very big challenge since the market has become open and new discoveries are welcome every sequence. Customers will always be tempted to look for the new products to see whether they are more effective and are make to believe that the newest drugs on the market are the best since they are more new and tested. Malaria drugs for instance are changing every time and patients believe that the new discoveries can handle Malaria more strongly than those that were at that place before.Marketers in drug industry must constantly try to sell there drugs by marketing them all the time and assuring their markets that the drugs they have are the best. Almost all drugs have tested substitutes and it gives the sellers and the users a variety of choices to choose from and making it very hard for some drugs to be pushed. The drug industry is so concentrated and even the herbal industry is attracting a lot of audience sine they claim to have varieties and more effective drugs. (Porter, 1985)Supermarkets are facing very mingy challenges since many supermarkets are opening up everyday with better supplies from substitute goods that make them appear to be cheaper than the a nonher(prenominal)s. Customers will go to those supermarkets with variety of substitutes so that they may get more cheap goods that can meet their needs. In a supermarket, companies will channel and buy spaces in the supermarkets and also arrange and make them more appealing than the products from their competitors.When we look at underlying product s like bread and flour, you will find that there are many substitutes that will be in the same supermarket and that can play the same role and act as substitutes of the other. Supermarkets face a stiff challenge from the others and because need to do extensive advertizement, introduce new cheap products every time and increase service to the customers since there is a stiff competition from other supermarkets. Supermarkets will always try to take customers from each other by winning them with the substitutes that they offer and run that they also offer at a cheaper price. (Lovelock, 2006)The Intensity of Rivalry among Established CompaniesSupermarkets and drug companies face a very competitive environment that has a big concentration of rival competitors making it a very competitive venture in business. They argue with heir rivals across al levels and try all strategies to ensure that they beat their rivals and try to do extensive marketing and innovation to attract more custome rs every day. There are many constituted companies that are more organized and have better strategies than the new peerlesss that come up and thereof have a competitive edge over the others.An complete company will mean having a headspring developed network that has a good client base and that is supported by customer homage and therefore locking out the new firms that try to make an impact by trying the existing markets. The well established pharmaceutical firms give a big challenge to the new companies in the market that try to make their products known. Even though substitute products are received in drug industries, it becomes soft for the established firms to push customers to start using their new products in the market since they have a give away in the market and customers are loyal to them. (Porter, 1985)Customers will always be pulled to go to the al take established supermarkets that they are used to them and will always feel that their services are the best. They also believe that products and services that are offered in the established supermarkets are the best and all they offer are the best to take car of their needs. The new supermarkets are highly challenged and must therefore position themselves strategically by ensuring that they price their products well and also do extensive advertising to market their products and services and have new customers and prospects that will be customers in future.The rate of growth of the drug companies and supermarkets has become a big challenge as new ones come into the market every time with very attractive terms for customers and therefore clout them and pulling away their loyal customers. Competitors in the drug companies and supermarkets have diversities and therefore make them very remarkable and unequalled and thus being very hard to compete with them in a very competitive environment due to high concentration of players who are doing the same businesses. There is need for e advertising to m arket both individual products and the supermarkets and drug companies due to the stiff competition from rival players in the same field that is concentrated highly.The bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers take advantage of their unique supplies to ask and bargain for what they indigence and enjoy the monopoly and charge expensively for the products or services that they offer. Customers are very sensitive to any changes that may affect them that are caused by the bargaining power of the suppliers. Suppliers are a competitive threat in drug industries because they can raise the prices of new and the old supplies and therefore making the customers to try substitute products that can satisfy the same need. Suppliers may cost the drug companies a lot of financial constrain if they pitch and fail to tag on their products as it is involving to get new and reliable suppliers that can give quality and be efficient all the time. (Grant, 2005)Doctors will recommend their clients to use substitutes according to their financial abilities and are in a position to refer them to use any of the substitutes. Supermarkets must try as much as mathematical to bargain well with their suppliers so that they may get quality products at the right price so that they may also sell and price their products well in relation to those of the competitors so that they may not loose customers to the other supermarkets. Suppliers will have more power if they are hardly a(prenominal) or alone in the market and will give their products at a very high price and will affect the sales of the supermarket in the long run.It is very important for the drug companies and the supermarkets to have suppliers that can supply substitute products that are more or les the same so that their customers will not run to the other outlets that have the products that they need. In the event that the suppliers reduce their products quality and raise the price of their products, it will be a great competitive challenge to the drug industries and the supermarkets that offer the same services.The determinants of the suppliers power in both the supermarkets and the drug companies includes suppliers concentration in one particular place that is central in location, volume of suppliers that they offer to the supermarkets and the drug companies and finally the costs related to the total purchases that they do. The suppliers ensure that they take advantage of their strengths to bargain and register as much profits as possible and make the buyers of their suppliers to accept what they offer and fix high prices. (Cullen and Boteeah, 2005)The happen of Entry by Potential CompetitorsThe new competitors enter into business with an intention to bring new capacities that neer existed before so that they may give competition to the existing firms. Every new entrant into the drug and supermarket business is a big threat to the existing firms since they may pose a big insecurity when they come and ta ke the existing customers by intimidating them with good attractive services and also constitute their businesses in strategic points that will attract more customers. Supermarkets and drug companies are very profitable and has therefore it has been attracting very many new entrants who perceive it as a good profitable business that has a lot of assurance since the customers will always need food and other materials offered I the supermarkets and drugs to help hold back and cure diseases.Their main interest is to capture big market share that exists so that they make more sales and therefore make profits. Supermarkets face a lot of competition from new entrants who come up with new and customer satisfying service that are very attractive and take their customers. They are few barriers to the new entrants in this field and many businessmen are thinking of opening up one stop supermarkets that are in strategic positions to attract customers. (Mark, 2001) There are many barriers that might be in the drug industries that may affect the drug firms. They include the following government policies on drug companies, economies of scale, capital requirements that are needed to start a drug company, brand identities and reactions from firms in the drug industry. unfermented entrants in the drug industry are seen by those that are already in existence as a threat since they take and reduce their market share and make them reduce their sales and therefore register fewer profits from the sales. Though governments might create barriers to help streamline the industry, it will not fully succeed since many new entrants might meet the requirements put on them and give challenge to the already flocked market. The higher the entry barriers, the less it is likely for outsiders to enter the industry. (Sparrow and Hilltop, 1994)The Bargaining Power of BuyersThis is the marketplace of outputs. Customers in the supermarkets and drug industry put the two businesses a lot of pressure since they are very sensitive to any change in prices and are always ready to window shop and find where prices are relatively cheap. The availability of substitute products in both the supermarkets and drug companies has made it very challenging for all those who run these businesses and are therefore supposed to learn the behavior of their customers so as not to frighten off them to their competitors and therefore reducing their profitability.The players in the drugs and supermarket firms make it .Many supermarkets and drug companies give room for their customers to bargain and make the competitors to be on toes. It is very important for the drug companies and supermarkets to highly depend on market intelligence so as to be very strategic in their pricing since there are many supermarkets and drug industries that are ready to reduce their prices by negligible amount that can attract customers from their competitors. (Brewster, 1995)Buyers are ready to run into substitute products that are being marketed everyday in the supermarkets and drug companies due to the changing technologies that are leading to cheaper and quality production of substitute products. Advertisers are taking advantage of the sensitivity that the buyers have to market new products that hit the market daily.The drug industries and the supermarkets should have a variety of substitutes in their business premise to pull all the customers and reduce the customers from moving to their competitors who offer various products in different prices. Since buyers are the ones that ensure that there is continuity of business, the supermarkets and the drug companies should learn and be very sensitive to the changing tastes and preferences in set to win buyers and also ensure that they remain loyal to them since the concentration of many firms is a big threat.Supermarkets and drug firms must ensure that they use the Porters analysis since they face stiff and very competitive challenges from firms that have realized that they can make lucrative profits from the supermarket and drugs since they are apprised of a lot of profits from a large customer base that is attracted by these firms. They need to assess the market very well and ensure that they learn there customers very well and also ensure that they position themselves to compete more effectively to remain in business and also maintain a good human relationship with their customers so that the competitors may not take away their customers. It is only through these methods that they will be assured of remaining in business tomorrow. (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 1995)ReferenceBrandenburger, M. and Nalebuff, J. (1995) The Right Game. Use Game Theory to Shape Strategy. Harvard lineage Review pp.59-69Brewster. C (1995) Towards a European Model of Human Resource Management-Journal of International Business. Vol 26, pp 112Cullen, J. and Boteeah, K. (2005) Multinational Management. A strategic Approach, 3rd Edition, Mason Thomson S outh-Western, pp 54Grant, R. (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford pp 24-45Lovelock, J. (2006) Services Marketing, People, Technology, and Strategy. impertinently York, Prentice Hall, pp 23-45Mark, D. (2001) Human Resource Management and organizational performance 3rd Edition of the Institute of Management, Washington, U.S, pp 76Porter, M. (1979) How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review pp 34Porter, M. (1985) Competitive Advantage-Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The Free Press, sore York, pp 12-56McGahan, A. (2004) How Industries spring up Principles for Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance. Harvard Business School Press, pp 27-37Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994) European Human Resource Management in Transition New York, Prentice Hall, pp 45-76

What Is Nationalism?

What is patriotism? The easiest way to define such a complex and large-minded term like patriotism is to start with the definition of a nation. A nation, as Ernest Renan clearly define in 1882, is is a conglomerate of great deal who sh ar a common past and have derived a strong bond, with an agreement to stay together and be governed by mutual consent in the future. In different words, a vast group of people living under the same type of governance that share a common language, culture, history and a similar background overall. These nations become unified by sport events like the Olympics or World Cups.patriotism is a possible definition of the happiness and pride lived during these games barely the term is so complex that further explanation is needed. The origins of Nationalism, its characteristics, the types of depicted objectism that concern and the huge complexity of the term could all join in to create a perfect definition of such term. The causes that arouse the ol factory sensations of nationalism can lead to a clear definition of this word. Short-term political causes like the American and cut Revolution led to the unification of its people to fight for what was theirs.The vernacularization of language and an easy access to books or newspapers were few of the effects that resulted from Martin Luthers 95 theses, the translation of the New Testament, or the invention of the printing press. Consequently, nationalism started emerging as a political ideology. In John Stuart pulverisations article Of Nationality, as connected with Representive Government expresses the causes of nationalism from his perspective. Mill begins his article by explaining how people, organism part of a nation, should be link by common sympathies, should cooperate with each early(a), and agree to live under the rules of the same government.In addition, he mentions the fact that geographical limits are also one and only(a) of the causes of nationalism. People liv ing in the same area go out consequently end up having a common language and/or religion. But the strongest of all Mill emphasizes on, is the identity of political antecedents the sharing of a common history together and experiencing emotions of pride and humiliation or joy and regret at any point given. From John Stuart Mill to Eric Hobsbawn, various authors help find out the unlike characteristics with the help of their give opinions and ideas on the subject of nationalism.Mills view on nationalism is altogether optimistic. He explains how countries, in order for them to be nations, should unite under the same needs and demands. This being, cooperation between their confess people and an aim to be under the same system of government. In contrast, side of meat journalist and novelist, George Orwell, had a different and negative theory on this topic. He views the nationalists as power-hungry and with the unique goal of forcing their customs on others. Orwell believes there are triple characteristics to a nationalist thought obsession, instability, and indifference to reality.Obsession thinking your own kingdom is superior to all the rest. The instability between the nationalist rulers or dictators. And finally, indifference to reality describes how nationalistic way blinds people from noticing facts of the real world. Additionally, in his article Nations and Nationalism since 1780 historian Eric Hobsbawn explains how nationalism always comes before a nation and it helps it form and develop from it. He also believes both political and national systems should be equal. These altered points of view help change our beliefs on nationalism and shape the definition of nationalism even more.The different types of nationalism are clearly explained in George Orwells Notes on Nationalism article. Positive, negative and transferred are the three types the writer focuses on while talking about Britains nationalism throughout the years. Subdivisions such as Neo-to ryism, Celtic, and Zionism are specified by Orwell under the positive nationalism category. He states that Neo- tories are anti- American (and sometimes anti- Russian) that do not recognize that Britains power and supremacy have declined. Orwell describes Celtic Nationalists as anti- English but have nothing to do with Anglophobic.These Irish, Welsh, and Scottish nationalists are known for their racist beliefs. These discriminatory beliefs are also a common denominator for the Jews that are part of Zionism. George Orwells next grouping known as Transferred Nationalism fall divisions such as Communism, Political Catholicism, Color feeling, Class feeling, and pacifism. The difference between transferred and the other two types of nationalism is the fact that it isnt as serious as the other two but people still believe in it and are somewhat influenced by it.Class feeling and color feeling are similar in the sense of superiority between races or class status. White people over black pe ople or upper classes over lower classes are some examples of this dogmatism. Pacifism is described as hatred of western democracy and admiration of totalitarianism against Britain and the United States. Lastly, George Orwell subdivides Negative Nationalism into Anglophobia, Anti- semitism, and Trotskyism. Against their own country, Anti- Jews (against Jews) and against Stalin are the main motives of these three examples.Nationalism is one of those words whose current definition is based on opinion and belief. The complexity of this term is due to time evolution. As different periods of time passed, nationalism went to from being negative to positive or vice versa. Showing pride for the United States by singing the national anthem at the beginning of a school day wasnt the same thing as yelling Heil Hitler to a soldier in Germany during the Holocaust. Propaganda was another main influencer of the people. The government put up posters and television receiver ads showing the bad side of their opponents in order to get their countrys support during war.Lastly, as George Orwell said, nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. Nationalism is the will to imply or even personnel department a lifestyle or customs on others whilst patriotism is the showing of pride and joy of ones way of living and commitment to a certain place. There are many other opinions on this complicated word such as Perry Andersons wrong belief of thinking nationalism was the desire of people to form their own independent nation-state. There are no right or wrong definitions of nationalism because they are all expressed by people in their each and own unique ways.Their surroundings and their experiences both influence how the feelings of nationalism are defined. However, one does not deny that a definition for such feelings is obviously subjective Bibliography Easton, Mark. Cry God for Harry, England, and Saint George. BBC. N. p. , 14 June 2010. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . Mill, John Stuart. Of Nationality, as connected with Representative Government. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . The Origins of Nationalism. CSU Bakersfield. California State University, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . Orwell, George. Notes on Nationalism. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Renan, Ernst. Quest-ce quune nation? What is a nation? . ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Savich, Carl K. Nationalism and War. MakNews. N. p. , 1 Sept. 2010. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Wolfson, Ben, ed. Nationalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N. p. , 1 June 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2012. .

Education as a Social Institution Essay

At just about slur in time each oneness is a recipient of some type of commandment. This can take the crap of traditional schooling, home schooling, or mentoring by an individual. Formal schooling, within industrialized nations, typically encompasses one tierce of an individuals life. This is one of the reasons sociologists have examined education as it relates to discordant companionable perspectives. This paper leave behind explore education in regards to the Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist perspectives/views. (Perspective and views will be used interchangeably throughout this paper).Two theories atomic number 18 considered in accounting for the increased schooling required for employment in right industrial confederation (a) a technical-function theory, stating that educational requirements reflect the demands for greater skills on the job due to technological change and (b) a strife theory, stating that employment requirements reflect the efforts of compe ting status groups to monopolise or dominate jobs by imposing their cultural standards on the selection process (Collins, 1971).Applying the Functionalist possible actionFunctionalist theory is explained by asserting that societies function like biological systems in that they have differentiated parts that function together to ensure the smooth operation and selection of the organism as a whole (Morrow, Torres, 1995). It is important to note that within the functionalist theory there be three different functions. Manifest functions of institutions are open, stated, conscious functions. They involve the intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of community, such as the universitys role in certifying academic competence and excellence (Schaefer, 2009). An face of this would be the core classes that are available to students in elementary school.Such as math, history, English, etc. While some schools, dependent on them being private or public institutions, offer various a dditional classes, they all predominately educate their students in core capabilities. Latent functions are those functions that are unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect unnoticeable purposes of an institution. One latent function of universities is to hold down unemployment. Another is to serve as a meet ground for pile seeking marital partners (Schaefer, 2009). The third sub-function is dysfunction. In the military, dysfunction is referred to as the ten-percent. This means that for every group, unit, etc there will be ten percent of the population that does not conform to the military representation of life. More simply, this can be expressed as an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the accessible system or reduce its stability (Schaefer, 2009).Todays educational system teaches students to become integral parts of society. Through public education, teachers are able to crop tomorrows workforce in societal norms, ensuring they understand how to become contributors to their societys stability. An typesetters case of the contribution to society the education system tolerates is parents that take on extra jobs to fund their childs education.This provides revenue for the immediate family, while funding and teaching the child the importance of hard work, devotion, and self cede (societal norms). This can be compared to the example in the text about Hindus and their devotion to cows. retributory as the Hindu understand the benefit the benefits that they receive by ensuring their cows remain available to aim and fertilize their agricultural crops, most parents apply the same concept to educating their children. Understanding the benefits an education will provide not only their immediate family, but also their children and the community as a whole.Applying the Conflict TheoryThe basis of this theory is that conflict theorists assume that social behavior is best understood in basis of tension between groups over powe r of the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation (Schaefer, 2009). As with the functionalist perspective, conflict theory drags various viewpoints. These include the Marxist view, an African American view, and the feminist view. These views while differing slightly, each embrace the concern with inequality in society, while focusing on social change and the redistribution of resources.The main dynamic of rising educational requirements in the United States has been primarily the expansion of mobility opportunities through the school system, rather than self-directed changes in the structure of employment. It is argued that the effort to build a comprehensive theory of stratification is best advanced by viewing those effects of technological change on educational requirements that are substantiated within the prefatorial context of a conflict theory of stratification (Collins, 1971). An example of this theory put to use is the April, 2001 chance on conducted by Hawaiis educators.Due to an inability of the state government and the union representatives to come to an sense approximately 15,000 school teachers, from kindergarten to university, participated in the strike, effectively bringing Hawaiis education system to a halt. This example while relating to the conflict theory is directly related to the Marxist view. Conflict theorists are provoke in how societys institutionsincluding the family, government, religion, education, and the mediamay help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position (Schaefer, 2009).The individual view from this perspective identifies how people are shaped by power, obsession and authority. Specifically, those universities that are considered to be elite provide their students with enhanced career opportunities. While there are various criteria by which particular colleges and universities can be placed in this academic hierarchy, the most significant one sociologically is their relationship to the class structure of society. This relationship is understood in terms of the social and frugal attainments of their graduates. Elite colleges and universities, therefore, are those whose alumni enjoy disproportionate access to high-status occupations, as well as to other forms of scotch and cultural privilege they are gateways to elite membership in society (Farnum, 1997).Applying the Interactionist TheoryThe first cardinal perspectives have dealt with macrosociology or society as a whole. The interactionist perspective looks at portions of society in a microsociological way. This theory can be explained as theorists who take the interactionist perspective generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole (Schaefer, 2009). Some of the selective information compiled by interactionist sociologists studying the educational field include student views/goals in relation to t heir grade point averages, effectiveness of school programs, and effectiveness of educator abilities.As with functionalist and conflict perspectives, the interactionist perspective incorporates additional concepts. These include symbols, nonverbal communication and face-to-face interaction. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the role of language and symbols in the (interpretive) processes of meaning making. Young people are highly social beings deeply engaged in the processes of learning how to act within the subtlety of which they are a part. This cultural learning is both shaped and reflected by their use of language, dress, music and clothing, for example (Domine, 2007). Within the education system, interactionists poll students and teachers alike, in order to determine what effect objects, actions, etc have on the subjects. This military rating enables the sociologists to better understand everyday behaviors and relate them into quantitative or qualitative data to track social patterns. Societys ViewsRegardless of your favored perspective, each of these views offers pros and cons, dependent on your topic of study. In the educational realm, the functionalist, conflict and interactionist views provide the sociologist a means to determining their ends. Whatever the purpose of sociologists work, their research will endlessly be guided by their hypothetical viewpoints. For example, sociologist Elijah Anderson embraces both the interactionist perspective and the groundbreaking work of W.E.B. DuBois (Schaefer, 2009). The works of these individuals and interminable others have helped to define and more importantly to understand the how and why educational systems operate the way they do and how they can be improved.ConclusionThree distinct theoretical perspectives have been discussed throughout this paper. The overall emotional state to take away from the research conducted here is that regardless of the favored view, practitioners must maintain an open judg ment and be able to incorporate portions or be able to integrate separate perspectives into their work. When considering or examining the education field, the functionalist, conflict and interactionist views all lend themselves to providing quality feedback on the snapshot in time taken by the researcher, regardless of topic. This can come in the form of determining the effects of school lunches on the productiveness of students to the quality of programs in relation to independent funding received by an institution. A sociologists theoretical orientation influences his or her approach to a research problem in important waysincluding the choice of what to study, how to study it, and what questions to pose (Schaefer, 2009).

Software Licensing Over Software Piracy

In 1993 worldwide immoral copying of home(prenominal) and international ready reckoner parcel program package cost $12. 5 million to the bundle package industry, with a loss of $2. 2 billion in the coupled States alone. Estimates show that everywhere 40 percent of U. S. package company tax tax revenues atomic rate 18 generated overseas, except nearly 85 percent of the softw ar industrys plagiarization losses occurred bulgeside of the United States borders. The computer software arranging Publishers acquaintance indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illeg on the wholey, which 30 percent of the plagiarization occurs in corporate settings.In a corporate etting or business, every computer must agree its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a atomic number 53 set of original software and then load that software onto m ore than than one computer, or l block off, copy or distribute software for any reason without the preceding writ ecstasy consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset way and be at their brasss.Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software diffusion Information can qualify to be property in two ways patent objurgate and right of first publication laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the presidency to prosecute the un countenance copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other(a) theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and closely jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a flip-flop-secret toters rights in the secret.The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but comm o nly when have the very(prenominal) elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be utilise by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret indep leftoverently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression.The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the irresponsible Court intractable that a balmy roll white plagued in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music beca social occasion the roll was part of a mechanical evice. Since a computer program is textual, standardised a book, yet in like manner mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the right of first publication Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural mis sionary station on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the finis of copyright protection for computer programs.CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should flourish beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property antifertility mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer software product Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs.Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the usancers right to make a single ackup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a glaring form (written somewhere i. e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. on that pointfore, it is not necessity that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted.With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to menstruation that person by an injunction and to give you amages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the money fashioning(prenominal) rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to T itle 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992.This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, ines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail chthonic United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for map by several(predicate) substance abusers within an makeup, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else is prohibited.Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individuals company can be tried under both courtly and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can re sult in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both.When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry impressions the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of clock and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar worn-out(a) in purchasing original software is funneled back into research and ripening of late software.Software piracy can be set up in three forms software counterfeiting, which is he illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the gravely disks of ad hominem computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet.When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or fire version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U. S. have determined that operating organizations, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some write down federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection.Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clarification copyright for excellent elements of text, The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the dividing line Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publ ishers Association (resort hotel) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry.SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million The Software Publishers Association (SPA) funds a educational rogram to inform individuals and corporations about software use and the law. This program provides all PC users with the tools guideed to comply with copyright law and become software legal.The SPA also publishes brochures free of charge about the legal use of software for individuals and businesses. Also available to help corporations understand the copyright law is a 12-minute videotape, which is composed of the most parkly asked questions and answers to them. The video tape is available in French and Spanish and all together ove r 35,000 copies of the tape had been sold. SPA has also compiled a free Self-Audit Kit with which organizations can examine their software use practices.Included in the kit, is a software inventory management program designed to help an organization track their commercial software programs that are on all hard disks. The program searches PC hard disks for more than 1300 of the most common programs utilise in Also available is the SPA Software commission Guide which helps companies audit their current software policies, educate employees about the legal use of software, and establish procedures to purchase, register, upgrade and backup computing systems. The guide in ddition also provides an Internal Controls Analysis and Questionnaire.The guide also contains all of the SPAs current anti-piracy materials. The U. S. software industry is facing the challenges of more sophisticated network environments, greater competition among software companies along with hardware manufacturers. At this moment more software than ever before is distributed on a high volume, mass marketed basis. There are many pillow slips of software out on the market and change magnitude every day. They range from graphical user interfaces for application programs such as mass-market spreadsheets, to more sophisticated expert foul software sed to design integrated circuits.The use of software plays a more vital role day-by-day in our lives such as embedded software, which is critical to equipment in locations as a doctor=s office or an automotive shop. The instrument and devices found there depend more and more on software, because software provides the flexibility to meet the many different needs to the end user. As our lives our shaped and raise more by technology, there is already a greater demand One of the main concerns of the software industry is how to deal with the issues of Asoftware licensing.More and more customers ant customized software suited for their business or personal need, and expect the software development firms to accommodate to their wishes. The other side of this issue is that software development firms are concerned with unrealized revenue and excess costs in the form of software piracy, unauthorized use, excess discounts and lengthened sales cycles. For the customer and the software development firm, both have high administrative costs in regards to software programs.Software licensing policies were originally a result of software developers need to protect their revenue base in the face of otential piracy. Product delivery for software is made up of a number of different components, which are referred to as software licensing. The following factors are taken into consideration when determining a cost for a software authorize physical delivery pricing, metric discounts, license periods support and maintenance, license management Tech support, change in use bug fixes and Platform Migration Product enhancements.The most commonly found typ e of software license found in business is known as a, Network license. There are four types of categories that are classified as a network Concurrent use licenses authorized a specified number of users to access and execute licensed software at any time. state of affairs licenses authorize use at a single site, but are slowly being phased out and replaced by enterprise licenses. Enterprise licenses cover all sites within a corporation because of more realistic computing environments.Node licenses are also slowly being phased out because they are mainly employ in a client/server environment, since the licensed software may be used only on a specified workstation in which a user must log on to in order to access and execute the software application. Currently the rend in a network system is to use measurement software, which allows vendors to be more flexible in licensing arrangements. This management software monitors and restricts the number of users or clients who may access an d execute the application software at any one time.This is significant because a user pays only for needed use and a vendor can monitor such use to protect intellectual property. A new type of license that is emerging is known as a, currency-based license. This type of license work on the basis that it provides to the end user a specified dollar nitty-gritty of software licenses. For example, licenses or different business application software, so long as the total mensurate in use at a given time is less than dollars.Another type of license emerging is known as a platform-independent licensing, which one license permits software to be used on a variety of different computer systems within a business, instead of buying a different license for each version of the same software used by different systems. The most common type of licensing is known as Shrink-wrap, the concept behind this that the licenses terms are deemed accepted once the end user breaks a shrink-wrap seal or opens a sealed envelope ontaining the software.A reason for these new types of licensing emerging is that when software licensing was first introduced, the software development firms assumed that most businesses would use the software for a 8 to 10 hour period. Yet, did not take into consideration that with the advancement of technology, more businesses would want a floating license across the world for 24 hours thus it was not cost effective for the software development firm. A floating license is a license that is made available to anyone on a network. The licenses are not locked to particular workstations, nstead they Afloat to modes on the network.Shareware, freeware and public domain are different type of software available to the end user, and are distinguished by different rules about how programs may be distributed, copied, used and modified. The term shareware refers to software that is distributed at a low cost, but which requires usually a payment later a certain time period an d registration for full use. Copies of this software are offered on a trial basis, the end user is free to try a scaled down version of the program. If the end user wants the shareware program, ncluded in the program is information specifying how to register the program and what fee is required.Once registered the end user will typically receive a printed manual, an updated copy of the software (often with additional features), and the legal right to use the program in their home or business. The advantage that shareware has is that it lets the end user thoroughly test a program to see if it=s useful before making a purchase. The authors of shareware programs retain their copyright on the contents, and as other copyrighted Freeware is also distributed at a very low cost and like hareware is found mainly on the Internet.The authors of the freeware program do not expect payment for their software. Typically, freeware programs are small utilities or incomplete programs that are release d by authors for the potential benefit to others, but the drawback to this is that there is no technical support. Public domain software is generally found on the Internet and is released without any condition upon its use. It may be copied, modified and distributed as the end user wishes to do. A license manager is a system utility-like application that controls or monitors the use of another end-user pplication.It is generally implemented to protect intellectual property (meaning to cube illegal copying) and/or to become more competitive by offering new ways in which to evaluate, purchase and pay for software. Since the license manager controls the number of application users, there is not a need to control the number of application copies. This process lets the end user run one or more applications between machines, without violating the terms of the SPA has created a program that companies can use to help discover and represent problems before they result in legal actions, fin es and also negative publicity.