Secondary data exercise Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Auxiliary information work out - Case Study Example In ongoing corporate history, if there is one organization which had exhibited commendable authority and honorable flexibility, to pull back itself from an approaching breakdown, it could be as a matter of fact Marks and Spencer, the Retail Stores legend of the UK. The principle board on which it marked its whole expectation was its convincing and persuading commercial procedure. At the point when the decrease was affirmed and couldn't be overlooked any more, the organization under the direction of Sir Stuart Rose as its new administrator chose to take the bull by the horn. How it supported up its flank and stressed each nerve to effectively hold over a great many emergencies, is a fascinating corporate story. 2. Investigation for the causes, and drafting the therapeutic measures: A target examination drew out the accompanying genuine abnormalities gazing at the essence of M&S, (the later shorter logo rendition of Marks &Spencer): deals were consistently waning (the most noticeably terrible was during 2004-2006), clients were gradually moving ceaselessly since their inclinations and what M&S offered didn't coordinate frequently, client assistance offered by M&S was worse than average and contender pressure was mounting. Presently the organization had next to no alternative. They needed to attempt harm control gauges rapidly to reestablish the drooping certainty of even their most steadfast clients. Vital arranging and strong promotion crusade acted the hero, and once they balanced out their standing, at that point there was no glancing back by any means. They focused more on Communication Strategy to charm the clients back to their showrooms. The commercial crusades involve d the prime spot in the promoting correspondence exercises. 3. What is promoting and its noteworthiness: What it can do and what it can't do : Advertising is the center component of any showcasing correspondence which expects to interface the business with its clients. Publicizing can be characterized as any paid type of non-individual introduction and correspondence through broad communications. The fundamental point of publicizing is to offer to a wide blend of customers and furthermore to initiate rehash buys. Again the principle goals of promoting are making mindfulness about an item or store, make a craving to need an item, to convey the store's strategy on different issues, to help in repositioning of the store in the psyche of the customer and to build the deals of explicit classifications or to produce momentary income by method of a deal, deal offers or bargain basement deals. Promotion can likewise help in strengthening the retailer's corporate identity.1 (Swapna Pradhan, 2007) This part of reproducing the retailer's corporate char acter and repositioning the store in the brains of the purchasers weighed vigorously with M&S the board who chose to dispatch a powerful crash into the shoppers private inclinations in a successful way. In any case, they were additionally mindful of the constraints of a negligible notice crusade alone . Essentially correspondence is utilized to educate the clients about the retailer, the product and the administrations. Past that it could accomplish quite little of any value. It is accepted that each brand contact conveys a feeling that can reinforce or debilitate the shopper's perspective on the company.2 ( Philip Kotler). So they chose to satisfactorily back it up with a ton of picture promoter just as

The Brutal Facts That Universities Must Face Today Term Paper

The Brutal Facts That Universities Must Face Today Term Paper The Brutal Facts That Universities Must Face Today †Term Paper Example The Brutal Facts Universities Must Face Today Whatever it is that colleges seem as though today is far very different from how they used to look like fifty years prior. So also, by 2030, the colleges will look very surprising once more. In any case, how has our colleges changed and what has made them change thusly? is the fundamental inquiry that ought to be unwound. The present state of our colleges presents fierce realities that we need to manage, in any case, disagreeable they may look. Such realities present college and advanced education everywhere, in America, at junction (Ricardo 1).Some of the realities that we need to manage in our colleges are certain while others are negative. One such reality is on the college financing that has since been diminished. Open subsidizing to help instruction has been enormously diminished leaving the understudies with colossal education costs to pay to help their training. This is a reality that leaves the understudies with tremendous obligat ions that they owe to the advances foundations that finance training through contribution credits to understudies. This has not contemplated different expenses that every college charges to its understudies, for example, high stopping charges at the Valparaiso University. The understudies need to leave behind $140 per semester just to make sure about stopping in the school. Therefore, college instruction stays over the top expensive in todays world, and we need to manage it. Besides, colleges are additionally confronted with the difficulties achieved by the quick segment changes. Such have seen an expanding higher number of understudies look for college training. Colleges have restricted assets and spaces for understudies. Be that as it may, they are required to concede a significant gigantic number of understudies. This expands the pace of global understudies looking for training in different nations with more colleges with sufficient assets. Such understudies may likewise confront separation in some occurrence where the host nation understudies, as here in Valparaiso, may not treat them in a neighborly way. The colleges are therefore expected to perceive such realities and manage them at the administration level.Thirdly, the current mechanical progression has acted the hero of our colleges by prodding advancement as it makes college training increasingly reasonable and reachable. Nonetheless, this reality has likewise been confronted with the difficulties of the financial imbalances where just rich and progressively refined understudies can bear the cost of such sort of instruction in an all the more improving way. Innovation likewise renders some showing strategies outdated and causes the college to modify with the mechanical changes to stay compelling and effective. Basically, current colleges are confronted with exceptionally ruthless realities give the colleges trouble to manage. The majority of these realities will in general be a direct result of the c hanges that the colleges need to go through. On the off chance that this pattern proceeds, future colleges will be confronted with considerably progressively merciless realities, that what we face today, that they will be required to bargain with.Work CitedRicardo, Azziz. American Higher Education Crisis?- A Fact-filled and Thought-Provoking Must Read. The Blog (2015): 1. Web. .

Im Poor!!!

I’m Poor!!! As of right now you may or may not have a job. I got my first job the summer between junior and senior year of high school as a carousel operator. I worked through the summer, kept my job for weekends during the school year, and then worked the summer between high school and college. I also worked a full time internship during the summer, in addition to working at the carousel, meaning I was at work 6 of the 7 days of the week. This turned out to be a good thing because it made the summer pass by quite quickly. Unfortunately, when I got to MIT, the work continued but the money stopped. I was working on psets, studying, figuring out my way around MIT, and all sorts of other exciting things, but I wasnt actually making money. I had money saved up from over the summer but it quickly began disappearing. I needed a job. I needed something to do at MIT that would prevent me from going broke, but what? I was already so busy, how would I have time to go out, find jobs, apply, and work them? Well, the cool thing about MIT is that they understand this and that there are all sorts of neat money-making things you can do that dont necessarily take up a lot of your time. Here are my top ten ways to earn money at MIT! 1) UROP You all may be sick of hearing about UROPs (or maybe not) but the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program is an awesome way to earn money. They pay around $9.00 (thats minimum UROP pay) and let you earn money while researching something that interests you. By the end of the year youre smarter, have money, and have a new addition to your resume. 2) Brain and Cognitive Sciences Guinea Pig MIT has a ton of researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences department that are constantly in need of test subjects. No, they wont pick through your brain or lobotomize you. Most of the time theyll just have you interpret different things that they show you or ask you to listen to something and follow a set of instructions. Every once in a while youll get lucky and theyll give you an MRI! These experiments are open to almost anybody (some have restrictions but theyre usually pretty specific and specialized) and pay quite well. They can range from $10 or $13 for a half hour session to $100 for spending your Saturday there. Many people arent aware this opportunity is even available, but its a quick way to earn some extra cash without having to actually work. 3) Desk Worker Each dorm has a front desk. This is where mail comes, oftentimes you can get movies here, and they also serve as one of the dorms defense systems (they can open the door for people who dont have ID cards and then check them in). Students typically will operate the desk so if you want a job that lets you sit, sort mail, and chill behind a desk for a couple of hours, you could be a desk worker! 4) Admissions Blogger I think its pretty safe to say that we would blog just as much as we do now even if we werent paid. MIT was a bit concerned when they first thought about paying bloggers because it would seem like we work for admissions and are brainwashing you guys with pro-MIT propaganda. Fortunately, nobody seemed to mind a whole ton (and I think through various rants and raves weve proven that we dont just spew MIT propaganda), so blogging is a way to earn some extra money. 5) The MIT Museum The MIT Museum is located just down Mass Ave. in Cambridge and is an awesome place to explore some of MITs history. They hire students, so if you have an interest in MIT or like dealing with the public, consider working at the MIT Museum. 6) Tech Caller Tech Callers are students who call alumni and solicit donations to the institute. A third of the money earned from alumni is earned through calls from Tech Callers. There are fliers all over campus encouraging you to sign up to be a Tech Caller. They make $11/hour with a chance at a 50 cent raise at the end of each semester. 7) Library Helper MIT has a bunch of libraries and all are in need of help cataloging and checking out books, among other tasks. 8) Grader Starting sophomore year you are eligible to help grade papers for classes. You collect psets from the turn-in boxes, take them back to your dorm, grade them, and then give them to the TAs. Its another quick, relatively low time commitment (depending on the class) way to earn some cash. 9) MIT Blackjack Team Member Hey, if you can find them, Im sure with enough convincing and bribery theyd let you join. 10) Win Bets by Proving People Wrong Oftentimes people will underestimate you. Take their money by showing them how talented you really are! I currently have a UROP and am an admissions blogger, which lets me say that not only am I taking a full schedule but that I am also working two jobs (and doing a varsity sport). I maintain my sanity and so can you, its all about time management and getting your priorities in line. I hope this helped ease some financial worries you may have about life at MIT. Ill see you all at CPW!

Im Poor!!!

I’m Poor!!! As of right now you may or may not have a job. I got my first job the summer between junior and senior year of high school as a carousel operator. I worked through the summer, kept my job for weekends during the school year, and then worked the summer between high school and college. I also worked a full time internship during the summer, in addition to working at the carousel, meaning I was at work 6 of the 7 days of the week. This turned out to be a good thing because it made the summer pass by quite quickly. Unfortunately, when I got to MIT, the work continued but the money stopped. I was working on psets, studying, figuring out my way around MIT, and all sorts of other exciting things, but I wasnt actually making money. I had money saved up from over the summer but it quickly began disappearing. I needed a job. I needed something to do at MIT that would prevent me from going broke, but what? I was already so busy, how would I have time to go out, find jobs, apply, and work them? Well, the cool thing about MIT is that they understand this and that there are all sorts of neat money-making things you can do that dont necessarily take up a lot of your time. Here are my top ten ways to earn money at MIT! 1) UROP You all may be sick of hearing about UROPs (or maybe not) but the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program is an awesome way to earn money. They pay around $9.00 (thats minimum UROP pay) and let you earn money while researching something that interests you. By the end of the year youre smarter, have money, and have a new addition to your resume. 2) Brain and Cognitive Sciences Guinea Pig MIT has a ton of researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences department that are constantly in need of test subjects. No, they wont pick through your brain or lobotomize you. Most of the time theyll just have you interpret different things that they show you or ask you to listen to something and follow a set of instructions. Every once in a while youll get lucky and theyll give you an MRI! These experiments are open to almost anybody (some have restrictions but theyre usually pretty specific and specialized) and pay quite well. They can range from $10 or $13 for a half hour session to $100 for spending your Saturday there. Many people arent aware this opportunity is even available, but its a quick way to earn some extra cash without having to actually work. 3) Desk Worker Each dorm has a front desk. This is where mail comes, oftentimes you can get movies here, and they also serve as one of the dorms defense systems (they can open the door for people who dont have ID cards and then check them in). Students typically will operate the desk so if you want a job that lets you sit, sort mail, and chill behind a desk for a couple of hours, you could be a desk worker! 4) Admissions Blogger I think its pretty safe to say that we would blog just as much as we do now even if we werent paid. MIT was a bit concerned when they first thought about paying bloggers because it would seem like we work for admissions and are brainwashing you guys with pro-MIT propaganda. Fortunately, nobody seemed to mind a whole ton (and I think through various rants and raves weve proven that we dont just spew MIT propaganda), so blogging is a way to earn some extra money. 5) The MIT Museum The MIT Museum is located just down Mass Ave. in Cambridge and is an awesome place to explore some of MITs history. They hire students, so if you have an interest in MIT or like dealing with the public, consider working at the MIT Museum. 6) Tech Caller Tech Callers are students who call alumni and solicit donations to the institute. A third of the money earned from alumni is earned through calls from Tech Callers. There are fliers all over campus encouraging you to sign up to be a Tech Caller. They make $11/hour with a chance at a 50 cent raise at the end of each semester. 7) Library Helper MIT has a bunch of libraries and all are in need of help cataloging and checking out books, among other tasks. 8) Grader Starting sophomore year you are eligible to help grade papers for classes. You collect psets from the turn-in boxes, take them back to your dorm, grade them, and then give them to the TAs. Its another quick, relatively low time commitment (depending on the class) way to earn some cash. 9) MIT Blackjack Team Member Hey, if you can find them, Im sure with enough convincing and bribery theyd let you join. 10) Win Bets by Proving People Wrong Oftentimes people will underestimate you. Take their money by showing them how talented you really are! I currently have a UROP and am an admissions blogger, which lets me say that not only am I taking a full schedule but that I am also working two jobs (and doing a varsity sport). I maintain my sanity and so can you, its all about time management and getting your priorities in line. I hope this helped ease some financial worries you may have about life at MIT. Ill see you all at CPW!

India s Mid-Day Meal Scheme - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2445 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: D-Day (Operation Neptune) Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: With a view to enhancing enrolment, retention and attendance and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August 1995 (MHRD website). It became mandatory in 2001, every child enrolled in a government and government aided primary school was to be served a prepared mid-day meal with a minimum content of 300 calories of energy and 8 to 12 gms protein per day for a minimum of 200 days. Over the years, the scheme was seen various revisions and extensions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India s Mid-Day Meal Scheme" essay for you Create order Although this scheme is centrally sponsored, the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) is a highly coordinated scheme with several actors at various levels that are essential for its functioning at the state, district, block, Gram Panchayat , local government and school level. India’s government mid-day meal program is the largest in the world, feeding 120 million students per day (Newton, 2016). The History of the MDMS: Certain states in India had their own mid-day meal schemes prior to it being introduced by the Central government in 1995. As far back in 1925, in pre-independence India, a mid-day meal program was introduced for poor children living in the Madras Corporation area in Tamil Nadu (GoI 1995:2 as cited in Swaminathan, add year). The next year, the Madras government introduced a compulsory elementary education scheme, which included the Madras Corporation. This program continued till 1982-83, when a new scheme was introduced, replacing it. The new scheme called the Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Nutritious Meal Programme (PTMGR NMP) was introduced in rural areas for pre-school and primary school children i.e. children aged from 2 to 9 years. The scheme was later extended to urban areas (Sept 1982), to old age pensioners (Jan 1983), to school students aged from 10 to 15 years (Sept 1984) and pregnant women (Dec 1995). Other parts of India too had their mid-day meal scheme before the government ini tiative in 1995 such as some parts of Kerala (1941), Bombay (1942), Bangalore city (1946), Uttar Pradesh (1953) and Gujarat (1984). By 1990-1991, twelve states had implemented the mid-day meal program using their own resources. In 1995, the NP-NSPE was launched in certain blocks. Central assistance provided free food grains (100 gram/ child/ school day) and transport subsidies capped at Rs. 50/ 100 kg. By 1997-1998, the program was extended to all regions of the country. In 2001, the Supreme court mandated the mid-day meal be implemented by all states. In the states or Union Territories where dry rations instead of cooked meals were provided, the Supreme Court ordered that cooked meals must be provided within three months in all government and government-aided primary schools (classes I to V) in all half of the Districts of the State (in order of poverty) and must extended the provision of cooked meals to the rest of the state. In October 2002 the program was extended to children in Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and Alternative and Innovative Education centers. In 2004, the NP-NSPE was revised to include, in a ddition to the free food grain provision (100 gm/ child/ school day), central assistance for cooking costs (Rs. 1/ child/ school day), transport subsidies (capped at Rs. 100/ quintal for special category states and Rs. 75/ quintal for other states), a management, monitoring and evaluation cost and the provision of meals in drought affected areas during the summer vacation. Two years later, the NP-NSPE was further revised to increase the food intake from 300 kcal to 450 kcal as well as established food standard norms.   Central assistance too was increased in the following ways – doubling the assistance towards cooking costs to Rs. 2/ child/ school day; assistance to construct a kitchen or store room; assistance to provision or replace kitchen devices and changes in the management, monitoring and evaluation cost. A year later in 2007, the scheme was extended to children in class VI to VII in Educationally Backward Blocks and all children in these classes from 2008-09. Every child in these classes was to be served a prepared mid-day meal with a minimum content of 750 kcal and 20 gms of protein per day. The central assistance was also higher with free food grains of 150 gm/ child/ school day; increased cooking costs (Rs. 2.50/ child/ school day); provision of meals in drought-affected areas in the summer vacation as well as infrastructural assistance and increased transport subsidy to special category states. In 2008, this was extended to students in Muslim religious schools supported under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was covered. In 2009, after The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education was introduced, the scheme was revised frequently, almost once a year where the focus was largely on revision of food standards, legal standards for usage of double fortified salt, guidelines on food safety and hygiene and guidelines and a model MoU for engagin with NGOs or other civil society organizations. Table 1: Mid-day meal food norms effective from Dec 1, 2009 Items Quantity per day/Child   Primary Upper Primary Foodgrains 100 gms 150 gms Pulses 20 gms 30 gms Vegetables (leafy also) 50 gms 75 gms Oil fat 5 gms 7.5 gms Salt condiments As per need As per need Source: Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) Table 2: Revised Cooking cost (Rs.) per child per school day 2011 to 2016 Stage Effective Total Cost Central-State Sharing  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-NER States (60:40) NER-States (90:10) 3 Himalayan States All UTs (100%)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Central State Central State Central Primary (Class I to V) April 1, 2011 2.89 2.17 0.75 2.60 0.29    July 1, 2012 3.11 2.33 0.78 2.80 0.31    July 1, 2013 3.34 2.51 0.83 3.01 0.33    July 1, 2014 3.59 2.69 0.90 3.23 0.36    July 1, 2015 3.86 2.32 1.54 3.47 0.39 3.86   July 1, 2016 4.13 2.48 1.65 3.72 0.41 4.13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upper Primary (Class VI to VIII) April 1, 2011 4.33 3.25 1.08 3.90 0.43    July 1, 2012 4.65 3.49 1.16 4.19 0.47    July 1, 2013 5.00 3.75 1.25 4.50 0.50    July 1, 2014 5.38 4.04 1.34 4.84 0.54    July 1, 2015 5.78 3.47 2.31 5.20 0.58 5.78   July 1, 2016 6.18 3.71 2.47 5.56 0.62 6.18 Source: Compiled from Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) Figure 1: Year Wise Outlay under Mid-Day Meal Scheme (Rs. in Crore) Source: Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) The operationalization of the MDMS: Food grains are provided by the local depots of the Food Corporation of India (FCI). While earlier the FCI supplied the food grains to the states and a centralized payment was made by the central government without confirmation by the states. Realizing that this was taking too long, the government decentralized the process in 2010 through a government order (F.1-15/ 2009). Under the new procedure, food grains are allocated biannually by the Department of School Education and Literacy in conjunction with the Department of Food and Public Distribution separately for the primary and upper primary levels. The first six monthly allocation is made in the first week of Feb of the previous financial year based on the number of children and number of school days approved by the Programme Approval Board of the Mid Day Meal Scheme for the previous year. T he second and final allocation is made in the first week of August, accounting for the unspent balance available with the states during the previous year and the first allocation. The states send a utilization certificate of food grains supplied to the Government of India (GoI), where they indicate the quantity consumed. This is done at the Block and District level. Once the states receive an allocation from the GoI, they make district-wise allocation of food grains, separately for primary and upper primary classes. A buffer stock of food grains for a month is maintained at the district level. The FCI is responsible for continuous availability of adequate quantity of good quality food grains. The District collector (or the CEO of the Zila Panchayat) are expected to ensure the food grains are of fair and adequate quality and three samples are drawn in the presence of state government representatives and those of the FCI. These samples are retained for three months and use to ascertain the veracity of complaints, if any. The FCI is expected to raise bills by the 10th day of the next month after provision of food grains and the district administration is expected to pay within 20 days. The states are expected to make adequate provisions in their budget for this and are expected to release this amount in advance to the districts. The GoI is also expected to release these funds to the state governments as soon as the budget is passed. If no budget is available at the district level, the state should authorize the districts to use the relevant treasury rules to make payments and then adjust the amounts as and when the budget is received by the states. States are also expected to monitor the lifting, payment and quantity of food grains sent to the school or cooking agency. There are several committees at different levels – at the national level the Empowered Committee, Steering-cum-Monitoring Committee (NSMC) and the Programme Approval Board (PAB), who monitor and suggest implementation measures. Other committees include – a state-level Steering–cum-Monitoring Committee, a District Level Committee and at the village level – members of Village Education Committees (VECs), Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) and the School Management Committees (SMCs). The committees at the village level are involved in the more day-to-day implementation of the scheme. Evaluation: According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017 report, India is home to 190.7 million undernourished people in the world, constituting 14.8% of its total population in 2015-17, a reduction from 2004-06 where it was 22.2%. 38.4% of children in 2017 under five are stunted, implying that their mental development, school performance and intellectual capabilities may be affected by the long-term nutritional deprivation. This is a reduction from 2012, where the corresponding figure is 47.9%. One in five children suffers from wasting, implying that their weight is low compared to their height. Furthermore, India ranks at 100 out of 119 countries on the Global Hunger Index. Nakao et al. (2018) mention that there is no national health survey after the implementation of the MDMS to evaluate the improvement nutritional outcomes for children served a mid-day meal. One would expect that the program dovetailing school attendance with meals, would improve nutritional outcom es, school attendance and enrollments. However certain researchers conducting their independent research have found mixed results as well as problems with the implementation of MDMS. A CAG report finds declining trends in enrolments during 2009-10 to 2013-14 observed in several states: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. Dreze at al. (2003) who conducted a survey of 81 randomly selected villages, divided equally in the states of Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Rajasthan, found both positive and negative aspects of the MDMS in their interviews with parents, teachers, cooks and other individuals. Of the positive findings, they report – improved school enrollment, particularly for girls; improved school attendance and retention; socialization among other castes (in a limited way); non-income support to poor families and good management of food logistics. Their negative findings include – poor infrastructure for cooking (in cluding water supply and utensils); repetitive menus; overt or covert caste discrimination and prejudices towards lower caste children or cooks; serious health hazards; disruption of classroom activity as teachers had to oversee the cooking and very low allocation of funds per meal. Another study conducted by Afridi (2005) in early 2004 in 41 randomly sampled villages in a non-tribal block of the Chindwara district on Madhya Pradesh, where information was collected on 615 households, 74 primary schools and 35 village panchayats. Afridi finds delays in the implementation of the program, 47% of panchayats spending less than mandated amounts, lack of adequate infrastructure, no separate kitchen and even the most basic adequate plates. Afridi reports a better program implementation in Karnataka with more nutritious meals (pulses and vegetables) and tablets (iron, folic and de-worming). The program was also extended till class VIII. A study in 2004 by the Pratichi research team comparin g 15 randomly chosen schools implementing the program to those who didn’t, found a 10% increase in attendance where the program was run, with a higher impact among the Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Muslim population. They also found increased teacher attendance; over four-fifths of parents were in favor of the program; 82% of parents were willing to contribute in any way and 88% of children wanting the program to continue. It is also important to note the importance of this meal as almost three-fourths of children did not have food before coming to school. In addition to the issues mentioned earlier, their study found inadequate salaries paid to cooks and limited opportunities for parental participation. Blue (2005) found in a study of 8 schools in rural Rajasthan that the children and teachers spent long hours cooking or getting firewood and in the case of teachers, supervising the meal preparation and keeping records. Additionally, since schools were paid were three to three months, the teachers took loans of food ingredients. A study in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi by De et al. (2005) found that even after selecting NGOs and caterers to cook the food, the quantity and quality of food wer e less than the minimum requirements. Criticisms: The food served under the MDMS has been criticized on various fronts such as the menu, the food quality, the preparation and even down to who prepared or served the food. The food has been criticized as low quality and the menu being repetitive. It has been argued that the government is so focused on covering as many schools and students as possible, that food quality is often relegated to a lower priority. During the food preparation, it is possible that hygiene, cleanliness and food preparation standards may not have been met. There have been multiple news reports, where children have either fallen sick after eating the mid-day meal and in some cases, tragically died. Many of these children come from extremely poor families and the mid-day meal is the only meal they might eat in a day. Many incidents go unreported as well. The parents of these children, thereby, fearing the safety of their children have declined to eat the mid-day meals. With so many intermediaries, it is inevitabl e that some of the food or raw material is siphoned away or never reaches the schools. A report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2015) found financial mismanagement by the Human Resource and Development ministry as well as states diverting funds of Rs. 123.29 crore meant for the scheme. The CAG report also found the following: the MDMS was not implemented in 32 government-aided schools of Amritsar and Ludhiana, depriving 50,417 students of benefits; the usage of 1.04 lakh kg less rice than prescribed norms in Belur, Karnataka and excess payments made to NGOs. Chauhan (add year) evaluates the use of schools to implement social policies by conducting 26 structured interviews, 8 focus groups and 5 teacher key-informant interviews in an Indian village in the state of xx. He found that the community does not trust the government, regards the state-run schools to be of poor quality and finds that the community no longer perceives the school as an institution that imparts e ducation but one that provides free meals. He cautions that the change in perception would perhaps mean that the mid-day meal may not meet its goal of promoting education. Bibliography: https://mdm.nic.in/Files/Initiatives%20%20Case%20Studies/NUTRITION_%20FOUNDATION_%20OF_%20INDIA.pdf

Police Brutality On The American Public - 2006 Words

Abdarahmane Toure English II Dr. Hollins Ph.D Solution Problem Thesis Police Brutality It is never a bad time to discuss matters of police brutality since at any given time some American gets pulled over or chased down the streets. When the police get hold of him, they probably will use excessive force in getting him to the ground and cuffing him, they might beat him a little bit in the process, just at the scene or maybe later at the station, or they just might kill him. This is the brutal truth of the reality in the American streets. One can never understand clearly the brutality of the police through mere reading of statistics. A search in the YouTube and the videos uploaded would make you want to treat the police differently. The past few months has seen the police in the news for all the wrong reasons. It is for this reason that this paper sets out to explore the subject of police brutality on the American public. Two decades ago, riots broke out in Los Angeles riots made news across the whole nation bringing the issue of excessive use of force by the police to th e court of the public. Since then the issue has remained issue of discussion although little has changed. The police continue to beat up suspects, they continue to knock them off in public for a mere show of might, people have even been killed, but very little has been done. The year 2014 was a dark year to human rights activists. Police killed andShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. Black Lives Matter states that the movement’s goal is to bring justice to the present unjust police killings of African Americans. Looking at prior cases of brutality and its connection to racial profilingRead MoreFree Argumentative Essays : Police Brutality738 Words   |  3 Pages J Free Argumentative Essays: Police Brutality 777 Words 4 Pages Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality should be addressed. The use of excessive force may or may not be large problem, but it should be looked into by both the police and the public. For those people who feel racismRead MorePolice Brutality Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesPolice Brutality James Regas December 15, 1996 Outline Thesis: But, because some officers use these extreme measures when it is not needed, police brutality should be addressed. I. Police Brutality A. Racism as a cause II. Police Brutality is not a problem A. Quotes from authorities B. Statistics of Declining Brutality III. Stopping Police Brutality A. Police Stopping themselves Read MorePolice Brutality And The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages Police Brutality in the United States University of Nebraska Kearney Colton Blankenship Abstract This research paper is an overview of police brutality in the United States. The paper covers what police brutality is and the definition. The information about police brutality is expanded about what is reasonable and excessive use of force an officer can use. Information is included about the thoughts of what the citizens feel about police brutality. Among the white andRead MorePolice Brutality Argument Paper1056 Words   |  5 PagesPolice work is a dangerous job, and police are more than likely to be put into situations when excessive force is needed.  But, sometimes police use excessive force for their own personal reasons, such as, racism. 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Maybe, the reason why police brutality has been so troublesome to alter is because the people trying to alter it are only targeting only the symptoms instead of the infection itselfRead MorePolice Brutality Today s Media1626 Words   |  7 PagesPolice Brutality What do most people think of the topic of police brutality? More than once, images and stories of minorities civil rights being taken away become the topic of conversation. It is heart wrenching to see these videos and hear these stories of police brutality in today’s media. Every day there seems to be another headlining case on the topic of police brutality. Police brutality isn’t just law enforcement officers abusing the power granted to them; however, it is a much larger issueRead MoreThe Violence Of Police Officers Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesKing Jr., an American Baptist minister, African-American civil rights activist, and non-violent protest leader, once said, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (Ali-Dinar 1963 p.1). Such an iconic and fearless leader recognized the unjust behavior within society as a result of racially motivated police brutality and societal discrimination. Though his efforts were not in vain, today’s m edia representation of law enforcement impacts the societal cultivation of police officers in aRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Effects1413 Words   |  6 PagesPolice are supposed to enforce the law amongst people around the world, but unfortunately, some of the ways they enforce are unjust and unruly. Over the past decade, they have acted out in ways that have caused us to question whether or not they are fit for the job or if something should be changed. Police brutality is the malicious use of excessive force, often in the form of physical actions, but also common in verbal abuse and psychological intimidation by a police officer. The word â€Å"Brutality†Read MorePolice Brutality1263 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Police Brutality Did you know that Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially also in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer? Despite major improvements in police practices (since 1981) reports of alleged police misconduct and abuse continue to spread through the nation. Police Brutality still goes on around the world today with improvements of enforcing police brutality in police departments. There have

What Are the Main Characteristics of ‘Emerging Markets’...

What are the main characteristics of ‘emerging markets’? Introduction During the changing of world economy, it is increasingly common to hear the term ‘emerging markets’ and from news and report. In the mid-1980s, the term ‘emerging markets’ was created by the World Bank, and has significant influence on the global business world nowadays (Gwynne, Klak and Shaw 2003). To raise investor’s attention to those developing countries, there are numerous characteristics springing up which are given by researches and economists. However, some of those characteristics are contradictory and it is difficult to give a real definition. This essay discusses the main characteristics of ‘emerging markets’ as defined by the World Bank and economists.†¦show more content†¦Kvint (2008) indicates that some statistics of reports on emerging market are contradictory, and this inconsistent situation even can be seen from IMF’s reports. For instance, some emerging countries like China and India are classified as eme rging markets and are included in the category of developing countries. On the other hand, many of the sub-Saharan countries as emerging markets are definitely still undeveloped. Kvint (2008) suggests that the main and most important characteristic of all emerging market countries is that they are at some stage during the processes of economic maturation and development of free markets. An attractive environment for foreign investors and global trading has been created based on this characteristic. He suggests the main characteristics in his study: an emerging market country can be defined as a society transitioning from a dictatorship to a free market-oriented economy, with increasing economic freedom, gradual integration within the global marketplace, an expanding middle class, improving standards of living and social stability and tolerance, as well as an increase in cooperation with multilateral institutions (Kvint 2008, online). Results of his study revealed that 81 countries were selected from the 192 country-members of the U.N. and categorized as emerging markets. Those emerging countries ‘account for nearly half of the gross world product, and attracted about $600 billion of foreignShow MoreRelatedThe Main Characteristics Of Emerging Markets1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe main characteristics of ‘emerging markets’ Introduction In recent years,there has been a growing concern about the emerging markets,and it is kind of new economic markets in developing countries which likes mature markets but does not meet a criterion of it,and emerging markets is a relevant concept when it comes to the developed countries.While a variety of definitions of the term of emerging markets have been suggested,this essay will use the definition suggested by Arnold and Quelch(1998)whoRead MoreHow to Win Emerging Market (Harvard Business Review)1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Japan has succeeded to enter the market in developed countries such as the United State and European countries. Nevertheless, Japan existence is not happening in emerging markets. Shigeki Ichii, Susumu Hatori, and David Michael in accordance to that reality, wrote an article â€Å"How to Win in Emerging Market: Lessons from Japan† in Harvard Business Review volume 90 issue 5 on page 126-130, that was published in May 2012. The main aim of this article is depicting the challenges that shouldRead MoreThe Policy Rate Difference Between Emerging Economy And The United States709 Words   |  3 Pagesincrease by 37%. These results are consistent with Ahmed and Zlate (2014) findings who find that the policy rate differential between emerging market economies and the U.S. is a significant driver of capital flows to emerging markets. Theory suggests that large-scale asset purchases by the Federal Reserve are likely to increase capital flows to the emerging market economies. My results are aligned with this theory, but are statistically insignificant with standard deviation of almost non-existentRead MoreEmerging markets and hedge funds – background An emerging market can be broadly defined as nations1600 Words   |  7 PagesEmerging markets and hedge funds – background An emerging market can be broadly defined as nations in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. Emerging markets include countries such as Brazil, China, India and Russia and are linked to high growth prospects (with a greater risk profile) compared to many developed countries (Figure 1). Many of these countries also exhibit recent economic development and reform programs and have therefore ‘emerged’ into global markets. The idea thatRead MoreThe Growth Of Emerging Markets1415 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Introduction The last decade has seen an increase in internationalisation from emerging market multinationals (EMNCs), through outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). This internationalisation phenomenon, has led to increase interest from researchers in the international business discipline (Cavusgil, 1980; Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, Wright, 2000; Jormanainen Koveshnikov, 2012). In 2013, emerging economies invested $553 billion, representing 39% of global OFDI, compared with only 12%Read MoreThe Bottom Of The Pyramid1284 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-economic groups. According to Global Issues , this is the 3 billion people who live on less than $2.50 per day. There were a lot of debates around the BoP markets – whether they are fast-growing markets or should global companies not waste their time and money on serving them. But today most organizations realize that targeting low-income markets can be profitable. Global companies, such as Siemens, GE, Nestle, and Procter Gamble continue to pursue profits at the bottom of the pyramid. The biggestRead MoreCharacteristics Of Emerging Industries1738 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Firstly, a brief and broad definition and description of emerging industries. There will then be a summary of the characteristics of emerging industries. Introduction An emerging industry can be described as an industry in the foundational part. It can also be explained as the instituting of a completely innovative new industrial value chain or the drastic transformation of one in existence and it is usually pushed by ideas that could be considered disruptive and could lead toRead MoreIndi An Emerging Economy Country1723 Words   |  7 PagesINDIA: AS AN EMERGING ECONOMY COUNTRY India, whose name is derived from the River Indus, is moving forward and away from its traditional agricultural economy which has been undertaken for decades, and with an approximate population of 1.2 billion people, the second-most populated country in the world, is categorized as an emerging economy. The term emerging markets was first put down by economists at the International Finance Corporation in the year 1981, when the group was endorsing their firstRead MoreAn Analysis of Anheuser-Buschs Marketing Strategy626 Words   |  3 PagesAnheuser-Busch can be regarded a market leader in its industry. This is more so the case taking into consideration the companys market share as well as market capitalization. This text analyzes Anheuser-Buschs marketing strategy and type of competition. An analysis of Anheuser-Buschs Marketing Strategy Taking into consideration the significant chunk of the U.S. market the company controls in regard to beers sold to retailers, Anheuser-Busch remains a clear market leader in the Beverages-BrewersRead MoreRater Quiz1002 Words   |  5 PagesWhat’s New? What’s Not? 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Over

Over-spending and under-spending of the public sector budget Essay The over-spending and under-spending of a budget is the positive or negative discrepancy between what was really spent and what was budgeted. Outline1 Overspending2 Under disbursement3 Different sorts of discrepancies4 Best Practices Overspending Budgets overruns are the underestimate of costs and clip or by the nonconformity of budget directors with the disbursement upper limit defined in the budget, when projected. There are several accounts for overspending. Sometimes, it is merely bad calculating on portion of the budget director. There was uncomplete information or hapless prediction methods that led to an underestimate and/or unreal optimism of costs, disbursals and grosss. Often there is alteration in range of the undertaking and costs associated with range alteration are neither captured nor covered in the hazard extenuation or eventuality program. Fundss are allocated to the cost centres for disbursement, it is controlled. Overspent fund accumulate in arrears. Overruns could besides be a consequence of off-budget disbursement which non considered portion of the budget and is non included in budget sums. Off budget disbursement is frequently for political grounds. For illustration, after a petition from President Reagan, Congress placed strategic crude oil modesty passing off-budget in 1982. Alternatively of utilizing other agencies to command the shortage raising grosss or cutting disbursement placing this plan off-budget gave the visual aspect of a smaller shortage, even though the authorities still needed to finance this disbursement. Beginning: Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Historical Tables and Mid-session Review, FY2006. Sometimes the outgo processes are complicated and hard. To besiege this procedure exceeding processs are development to rush to the procedure to let go of the financess. These exceeding processs are tolerated by the exchequer for politically sensitive outgos. The processs are often abused and should be discouraged. These processs are used my functionaries to order supplies without doing a formal petition and much later the twelvemonth un-forecasted bills appear. Sometime fund are unavailable to do this bills which leads to coevals of arrears for the undermentioned twelvemonth. The combination of exceeding processs besides has long-run deductions, incentivizing disbursement bureaus to travel outside the budget system to avoid control wholly. Such processs are associated with or ensue in corruptness. Frequently past experiences can take to overspending. If a section caput under spent the old twelvemonth and the budget for the undermentioned twelvemonth was lost. The section is extremely likely to pass the full sum for the fright of losing financess for the following twelvemonth. The manner in which public presentation is reported can hold a important consequence on the chumminess and coordination between sections. If engagement of the directors implementing the budget was absent, so directors can fault this for the file to stay by the budget. In add-on impact of rising prices and a sense of entitlement towards certain financess are besides factors to be considered in budget planning. Overruns can be caused by such lacks in budget readying. Under disbursement Many authoritiess do non pass their full one-year budget. The grounds for this under disbursement can be assorted and can ensue in many results. Lack of timely disbursement or under disbursement can impact the citizens non having indispensable authorities services. Certain countries have more economic impacts such as occupations created through the timely induction of new substructure undertaking. Under disbursement can frequently blockade resources from other departments/managers which/who are passing their budget more fruitfully, forestalling them to make their complete potency of success in bringing of the intended service. Diary Of Anne Frank EssayClose interaction between the fiscal information system and the budgeting systems is indispensable. There should be a control on corporate disbursement and any shortage, a overarching prioritization of schemes with respects to outgos and better usage of the budgeted resources. The sanctioned budget should be entered into the fiscal information system. In add-on to a full committedness system, memoranda notes should be included the system that gaining control records of committedness but does non amend the fiscal records. Seasonably comparative fiscal statements on a regular footing. These statements should include original and revised budget, gaining control discrepancies and explicate major discrepancies. The audited and dependable statements are based in solid accounting criterions with regular external coverage. Budget Monitoring: Monitoring and commanding consists of those procedures are performed to detect that possible jobs can be identified in a timely mode and disciplinary action can be taken, when necessary. The cardinal benefit is that the actuals are observed and measured on a regular basis to place discrepancies from the budget. During the class of the twelvemonth, case may originate where the income or outgo is really big that may necessitate and auxiliary estimation. The better the degree of control and intelligence available the earlier this state of affairss can be detected and more fleetly and allow an action can be taken to minimise the discrepancy. However if is determined at that place has to be a alteration so the fiscal information systems can be updated every bit shortly as possible. If a section become cognizant that it will overspend at any clip during the twelvemonth it must advise the Treasury section instantly. It is possible that a supplement estimation is provided if deemed appropriate. Transparency is cardinal print the State accounting policies, set up system of internal controls, and maintain doors open for public and parliamentary examination. Flexible budgeting is a public presentation rating tool. It is non be prepared before the terminal of the financial period. A flexible budget adjusts the initial budget for the existent degree of end product. The flexible budget answers the inquiry: If the section had known at the beginning of the period what would the end product volume ( units delivered or sold ) would be, what the budget would hold looked like? If the section really delivered X units, so exchequer should compare existent bringing costs for X units to what it should hold spent to do Ten units, non to what the section should hold spent to present X-1000 units or X+1000 units etc. The flexible budget provides a better chance for planning and commanding than does a inactive ( initial ) budget.

Warhol By Ratcliff Essays - Andy Warhol, American Film Directors

Warhol By Ratcliff The life and work of Andy Warhol has inspired many writers to tell of the artists secrets in published writings. However, Carter Ratcliff accomplishes this feat in a unique fashion, profiling Warhols work in Andy Warhol. A must-read for anybody interested in the origins of American Pop art, Ratcliffs book touches on all aspects of Warhols work. Segmented chronologically, Ratcliff explains the influence and significance of select paintings, as well as sections devoted to Warhols sketches, photographs, movies and notes on the techniques used by the artist. This format, combined with the inclusion of nearly 100 prints of paintings, is effective because a natural theme flows through the chronological ordering of the monograph. Some of the influences are obvious in Warhols work. However, the cumulative effect of the artists attempts is more easily understood through the chronological ordering of the pieces. The chronological ordering helps the reader understand what social or personal beliefs or conflicts the artist was dealing with pertaining to the given time period. For example, Warhol produced many pieces with singular subject matter displayed multiple times as in his Campbells soup cans, Coca-Cola bottles and dollar signs, possibly just comforting symbols to Warhol as well as the American Pop Culture. Also, Ratcliff leads t he reader on a journey through the details, effects and consequences of the work. The author also describes similarities in select Warhol pieces. The development of Warhol as an artist is easily understood using this format, as his work transforms from the playful character of Saturdays Popeye (Figure 1) to the realism of Skull or the political power of the Hammer and Sickle series. Andy Warhol takes a convincing and comprehensive look at the pursuits of the artist, basing observations on a plethora of sources. The information cited in each section is a cumulation of Ratcliffs investigation, interviews with Warhol and references to the writings of other critics. Basing his survey largely in the ideas of others, Ratcliff discovers little original information. Referring to such credible contacts as Robert Rosenblumes description of Julia Warhola [1], saying that Warhols portrait of his mother breaks through the artists aestheticism to convincing emotion (Figure 2). Art critic Thomas Lawsons notion that Pop art has everything to do with nothing [2], or Warhols own magazine article, Crazy Golden Slippers [3], are examples of the type of solid sources that the author utilizes in his work. The majority of Ratcliffs ideas originate elsewhere, however Ratcliff chose to use these many sources to support his own theories, drawing from established and accepted concepts to uphold his statements. The prize of Andy Warhol lies in the inclusion of the authors essay about the artist. Together with the effect of the many large prints, which comprise a majority of the body of the book, the essay enables the reader to learn about the artist and reflect on what may have been his intention for select works. To fully understand a work of art it is helpful to have some background information about the work and the artist. The author does a fantastic job of presenting this type information about the artist and his work. Warhol was obsessed with the idea of stardom, controversial works pertaining to popular culture and the use of images from every day life or symbols of such. Ratcliff, when compared to other writers who investigated Warhol, has an edge on the competition. Ratcliff not only describes the work itself, but also tells of the concept behind the art. Cantz The Last Supper is at best a glorified picture show of the artists work. The artist focuses on one series of paintings rat her then on the entire portfolio.[4] Unseen Warhol is an in depth biography of Andy Warhol, not much attention is granted to the actual pieces of art.[5] Ratcliffs Andy Warhol fills the gap left by other writers. Ratcliff delivers a complete analysis of Warhols work by explaining the concepts and ideas surrounding the work in an intensive manner. Ratcliffs thoughts on many of the pieces help to define the actual meaning or ideas of the work in a practical fashion. For example, the use of helium filled mylar, covered with foil in Silver Pillows (Figure 3)

English Test Options for ESL Students

English Test Options for ESL Students Students need to take English tests, as well as other tests! Of course, learners need to take English tests at school, but they are often required to take English tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC or FCE. In a number of instances, you can decide which English test to take. This guide will help you begin to choose the best English test to take for your English learning needs and goals for both further education and career. Each of the major English tests is discussed and point towards more resources to study and prepare for these all important English tests. To begin with, here are the major tests and their full titles:   TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign LanguageIELTS - International English Language Testing SystemTOEIC - Test of English for International CommunicationFCE - First Certificate in EnglishCAE - Certificate in   Advanced EnglishBULATS - Business Language Testing Service These English tests are created by two companies that dominate the English learning system word wide: ETS and the University of Cambridge. TOEFL and TOEIC are provided by ETS and IELTS, FCE, CAE, and BULATS are developed by the University of Cambridge. ETS ETS stands for Educational Testing Service. ETS provides the TOEFL and the TOEIC test of English. It is an American company with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. ETS tests focus on North American English and computer based. Questions are almost exclusively multiple choice and ask you to choose from four choices based on information you have read, heard or have to deal with in some manner. Writing is also tested on the computer, so if you have difficulties typing you may have difficulties with these questions. Expect North American accents on all listening selections. University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge based in Cambridge, England is responsible for a wide range of English exams. However, the main international tests that are discussed in this overview are the IELTS the FCE and the CAE. For business English, the BULATS is also an option. Currently, the BULATS is not as popular as the other tests, but that may change in the future. The University of Cambridge is a dominate force in the entire English learning world, producing many English learning titles, as well as administering tests. Cambridge exams have a wide variety of question types including multiple choice, gap-fill, matching, etc. You will hear a wider variety of accents on University of Cambridge exams, but they tend towards British English. Your Objective The first and most important question to ask yourself when choosing your English test is: Why do I need to take an English test? Choose from the following for your answer: I need to take an English test for study at UniversityI need to take an English test to get a job or improve my careerI want to improve my overall skills in English, but not necessarily for a purpose such as getting a better job or going to a university Study for University If you need to take an English test for study at a university or in an academic setting you have a few choices. To focus solely on academic English, take the TOEFL or the IELTS academic. Both are used as qualifications for entrance into universities. There are some important differences. Many universities around the world now accept either test, but they are more common in certain countries. TOEFL - Most common exam for study in North American (Canada or United States)IELTS - Most common exam for study in Australia or New Zealand FCE and CAE are more general in nature but are often requested by universities throughout the European Union. If you live in the European Union, the best choice is either the FCE or the CAE. Free TOEFL Exam PreparationFree IELTS Exam PreparationFCE Exam PreparationCAE Exam Preparation Resources Study for Career If career motivations are the most important reason in your choice of English test, take either the TOEIC or the IELTS general test. Both of these tests are requested by many employers and test an understanding of English as used in the workplace, as opposed the academic English which is tested in the TOEFL and IELTS academic. Also, the FCE and CAE are excellent tests for developing overall English language skills in a wide range of areas. If your employer is not specifically asking for the TOEIC or the IELTS general, I would highly recommend considering the FCE or CAE. Free IELTS Exam Preparation General English Improvement If your goal in taking an English test is to improve your overall English, I would highly recommend taking the FCE (First Certificate in English) or, for more advanced learners, the CAE (Certificate in Advanced English). In my years of teaching English, I find these tests to be most representative of English usage skills. They test all aspects of English learning and the English tests themselves are very reflective of how you would use English in everyday life. Special Note: Business English If you have worked for a number of years and want to improve your English skills exclusively for Business purposes, the BULATS exam administered by the University of Cambridge is by far the best choice. For more information from the provider of these tests you can visit the following sites: TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language IELTS - International English Language Testing System TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication FCE - First Certificate in English CAE - Certificate in   Advanced English BULATS - Business Language Testing Service

Medical Futility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Futility - Essay Example Treatments or medical interventions that are unlikely to produce any significant benefit for the patient is known as "medical futility" (Jecker). The intervention may be deemed futile if it has no likelihood of improving the patients condition (Quantitative), or when the improvement will be so minimal as to be considered futile (Qualitative) (Jecker). In both cases the prospect of improving the patient's condition is exceedingly poor. Jecker notes that, "...treatment that merely produces a physiological effect on a patient's body does not necessarily confer any benefit that the patient can appreciate". Though there may be physiological changes in the body, if it does not save the patient or reduce the suffering, it is futile. The ethics of medical futility are rooted in the belief that medicine is for the purpose of healing the sick and comforting those that are in pain. Futile interventions often contribute to increased pain and agony as well as expending scarce medical and financial resources (Jecker). Ethical problems arise in defining the terms surrounding the issue. While a medical treatment may be deemed as futile, it may extend the patient's life by the few hours necessary that a family requires to get closure with the dying patient.

Augustines City Of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Augustines City Of God - Essay Example In his Preface, he gives a surprisingly modern day Abstract and tells us the compulsion, idea and purpose of his writing the book and the significance of its title. "I must consider this city as far as the scheme of this work demands and as occasions serves". Practically speaking it is only a powerful defence of Christianity that took him thirteen years to write and it dominated the political thoughts of medieval ages. Critics call him 'Prophet of Personality' for having possessed one the most impressive personalities, while his style and language are considered as immaculate. Augustine was known to be particularly influenced by Plato. "In The Republic Plato had constructed an ideal city, based on right and instinct with Righteousness, which might almost be described as a City of God, and is actually described by Plato as 'laid up somewhere in heaven,'" Saint Augustine, The City of God ( p. xxii) It was also beginning of search for authentic Christian philosophy to popularise the religion and amass followers. Calling the time as an end of an era, Burleigh says: "Strange as it may seem St. Augustine has no consciousness of living at the end of an era, or even in a period of transition," (1944, p.10). Deane argues that he wrote the book on the 'theology and psychology of fallen man." Augustine replies the charge against the Christians and says they were not responsible for destroying Rome. If the overall view of the book is taken into consideration, it is neither totally political nor wholly religious. From the Preface we can find that Augustine justifies the work he has undertaken as the work of God, and his contribution to Christian theology. "This security it now awaits in steadfast patience, until 'justice returns to judgment'; but it is to attain it hereafter in virtue of its ascendancy over its enemies, when the final victory is won and peace established. The task is long and arduous; but god is our helper." It is also considered to be the 'first major intellectual achievement of Latin Christianity'. Marcellinus, the encouraging friend, perhaps was worried at the consequences of devastatingly negative reaction amongst people, produced by the sacking of Rome with unnecessary violence, which left Christian faith in a negative light. This is a kind of pacification of an ill-treated and humiliated, but proud population, almost an explanation and healing of persisting wounds. While rendering explanation to what happened by saying that the retributions and sufferings were due to ignorant worship of pagan Gods, he does his bit of missionary work by informing the unhappy and vulnerable people about 'City of God' and Christianity, where Jesus is all powerful and merciful and healer of all ills. The crux of the work is establishing Jesus as saviour of mankind. Whatever little kindness was shown to people during destruction of Rome, Augustine argues, was due to

Local Community Participation In Eco Tourism

Local Community Participation In Eco Tourism Many factors play a big role in determining community participation in ecotourism planning initiatives. In addition community participation differ in their needs, 2.8.1 Social benefits The theoretical roots of social benefits of community participation in eco-tourism are date back to the social exchange theory. The social exchange theory assumes that social relations involve exchange of resources among groups seeking mutual benefits from exchange relationships. The central idea of social exchange theory is that the exchange of social and material resources is a fundamental determinant of human interaction. Research on residents reactions to tourism development based on the theoretical constructs of the Social Exchange Theory has examined the relationship between and among the perception of the benefits, costs, impacts, and support for tourism (Gursoy et. al.2002, Lindberg Johnson 1997, Jurowski et al. 1997). The present study is focusing on two social benefits of community participation named by awareness of changing way of life and satisfaction level of promoting local traditional and culture. As a study by Hunter and Green, (1995) defined Interaction between cultures and hosting visitors may lead to a decline in the local culture, therefore, it may lead to the neglect of the local population of their heritage and tradition of tourists, especially young people. This concept is recognized as a demonstration where the local population to modify their behavior and aspirations and by following the example of tourists. Therefore Shaw and Williams (1994), emphasized the social benefits that influence a positive impact on society, particularly those who seek to improve education and standard of living or to seek equality between the genders, demonstration effect and usually occurs among young people the host population. The consequence of this effect is the conflicts within the community among young people modern and the elder traditional. According to Ceballos-Lascurà ¡in (1996), tourism may offer employment to host residents, presenting women and youths the opportunity to earn a wage, which before was not possible, this may also cause conflict within homes, where the incomes of women or the youths may empower them, allowing them to challenge their traditional roles at home and in society. The challenging of traditional roles will also lead to changes in the culture. Concealed pre-existing divisions between communities members may be enhanced as certain individuals may benefit from tourism while others could be excluded from participating. As tourism develops there may be many economic potentials, where the first to capitalize may be quick to dominate the market. This may erupt in issues of fairness, jealousy and resentment within the community. However, in recent years social and cultural aspects have become increasingly important in the sustainable tourism debate, especially in the context of developing countries where poverty is a widespread problem (Strasdas, 2005). Garrod (2003) identified Social aspect to the ability of the local community to determ ine the social impacts of ecotourism development. Social empowerment will result in ecotourism making a contribution to the social cohesion and integrity of the local community, rather than detracting from it. it is most likely to be found in those communities where part of the net returns from ecotourism are recycled back into the local community in the form of investment in local infrastructure of the founding of social projects. According to Pongponrat Pongquan (2007) that social relations and interactions within the community became stronger among various stakeholders involved in this fair. In addition, visitors learned local traditions and culture which will help the community to solicit their support on local cultural promotion and preservation in future. Even though the idea of ecotourism already contains social and cultural compatibility as well as the generation of benefits to local people as important elements, the focus is more on nature conservation. Awareness of changing way of life Tanya , Piyaphan and Suwipa ( 2009) conducted a study to investigate the need and readiness of community in managing community-based ecotourism; and to gather and assemble local knowledge to develop guideline for community-based ecotourism management The Hmong and Karen stakeholders from 14 villages of Mae Wang and Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai Province, within responsible area of the Mae Hae Royal Project Development Station, were involved in this study Northern Thailand, the authors investigate relationship between awareness of changing way of life level of community participation the authors fund the result of Attraction of culture and way of life satisfied, In addition, visitors learned local traditions and culture which will help the community to solicit their support on local cultural promotion and preservation in future. A study conducted by Assefa and Olav (2005) to examine the local peoples participation in the management and development of ecotourism projects in the Adwa district, Northern Ethiopia, the authors investigate the relationship between awareness of impacts of tourism on local life level of community participation, the authors found a negative relationship, arguing that people are more aware of the negative effects on their life and their culture of tourism more than what is on the natural environment. Ceballos-Lascurà ¡in (1996), believed that the challenging of traditional roles will also lead to changes in the culture. Therefore, Hunter and Green, (1995) refers Interaction between cultures and hosting visitors may lead to a decline in the local culture, therefore, it may lead to the neglect of the local population of their heritage and tradition of tourists, especially young people. Satisfaction level of promoting local traditional and culture Tanya Promburom, et.al 2009 conducted a study to investigate the need and readiness of community in managing community-based ecotourism; and to gather and assemble local knowledge to develop guideline for community-based ecotourism management The Hmong and Karen stakeholders from 14 villages of Mae Wang and Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai Province, within responsible area of the Mae Hae Royal Project Development Station, were involved in this study Northern Thailand the authors investigate the relationship between promote their culture and level of community participation the authors fund the result high percentage of the village leaders and villagers had positive attitude toward tourism because it could promote their culture. (2009) recent study found that the level of participation is high, namely the relationship is significantly related between level of community participation and preservation of culture, and this study conducted by Hasnol, to interpret and develop the indicators for success of local community participation and ecotourism sites in Sabah, the author investigated the relationship between level of community participation and preservation of culture. Pongponrat and Pongquan, (2007), conducted a study to explores various aspects of community participation in local tourism development planning on Samui Island in the south of Thailand and identifies factors associated with intensity of participation of local people in the planning process organized by the Nathon community on Samui Island, the authors investigate the relationship between satisfaction level of promoting local traditional and culture among all factors- level of community participation in all phases, the authors found relationship between this factor implementation phase to be associates with the intensity of peoples participation in this stage. According to Piyaphan and Suwipa (2009), visitors learned local traditions and culture which will help the community to solicit their suppo rt on local cultural promotion and preservation in future. Economic benefits The social exchange theory is widely used for theorizing the economic benefits of community participation in eco-tourism. The social exchange theory argues that tourism development comes with economic benefits (Claiborne, 2010). The present study is focusing on three benefits of community participation on eco-tourism named by household income, creating employment opportunities, and creating investment input. Wang and Tong (2009) emphasizes that the economic Aspects of vulnerability in improving the standard of living of the local population, and income from eco-tourism should not be used only to protect the ecological environment but also benefit the local population. Aref and Maarof (2008) defined that the community participation in tourism development is necessary if they are to provide equitable distribution of benefits of local economic. Therefore the concept of community participation is regarded as a tool to assist in ecotourism and local economic development in rural communities (Sebola and Fourie, 2006). Brandon (1993) highlights the fact that many ecotourism projects have adopted the generation of economic benefits for the local community as one of their major aims. However, it is significant that only a handful of such projects have opened up the decision making process by which the scale and distribution of these economic benefits are determined to local people. According to Brandon (1993), ecotourism projects that generate a lot of economic benefits to the community, however, these projects have opened the process of decision-making and distribution of these economic benefits to the local population. Brandon (1993) refers the linkage between economic benefits and conservation can be made more direct. One way of doing this is to ensure that any access fees that are changed are channelled directly into efforts concerned with the management of ecotourism activity and the conservation of its resource base. A good example where this already takes place is in the management of whale shark tourism in the Ningaloo Marine Park in Western Australia (Davis and Tisedell, 1998). Whale shark tourism began in the 1980s and, while the initial volume of visits was relatively small, the industry grew so rapidly that by the mid-1990s deep concerns were being expressed about the adverse impacts of tourism on the whale shark population. In a study by Garrod (20 02) involving the use of the Delphi technique to gather expert opinion on how ecotourism might best be defined, the principle that locals should benefit in economic terms from ecotourism was included in over 81 per cent of the final selection of definitions. In contrast, the principle that local people should participate in the decision-making processes through which the scale and distribution of those economic benefits are determined was included in only 27 per cent of the final selection of definitions. Butler (1999) refers that, tourism is an industry generating rapid growth of capital flows to the destination location. Diversified economies are more vulnerable to the integration of tourism in their economy, compared to the least developed (single or double-export) economies, where the effects can be severe and unexpected. Key issues relevant to the local economy and employment, and the quantity of local goods and services used to run the tourism. Lea, (1988) emphasizes that the employment provided to local communities are less skilled and lower wage earning jobs, such as cleaners, bartenders, waiters, and transport operators, cooks and this impacts negatively on society and the local population feel they are not benefiting from tourism. Lockhart and Drakakis-Smith (1997) are often imported from outside the community, such as managers and workers in two languages. Tour operators usually import skilled labour because they do not have to invest in the training of the local population. Moreover, employment in the tourism industry, seasonal, and therefore may not be secure income. As a study by Fennell (1999) emphasized import that substitute labour and/or goods cause leakage in economic benefits to the host economy. Mowforth and Munt (1998) considered that the real estate market in the destination location is a driving force for the growth of the tourism industry and as a tool to enable investors to Earth has lifted the market value of land by purchase from the local population and development. The local population profit from the sale of land in the beginning, but in the long term, they recognize the sovereignty of the new owners of the land and therefore the new owners of the land access to energy in the development process. Archer and Cooper (1998) believe investment in tourism infrastructure that could benefit the community through improvements in telecommunications networks, roads and ports. This may allow for other economic opportunities for the local area. Household income Hoque and Itohara. (2008), conducted a study to know the present status of rural womens participation and decision making role in economic activities in Bangladesh, the author found relationship between household income among others- and level of participation in decision making phase, contribution of womens personal income on their role in family decision making they are being capable to contribute in household income which is improving their status in the family even some cases they are playing active role in taking decision regarding some family issues. Thus it is proved that due to participation in EAs women in the rural areas are contributing in household income that has also improved their role in family decision making than before. Ye Zhang (2010) conducted a study to investigate the preferences of residents in the Midwestern United States on how they would like to be involved in tourism planning and development, and the personal factors that influenced their preferences, the author fund people who preferred spontaneous participation had higher household income than those who preferred induced participation. Robert S. Pomeroya, Enrique G. Oracionb, Richard B. Pollnacc, Demberge A. Caballes 2005 conducted a study to examines factors influencing the sustainability of ICM projects in the Philippines, specifically, the study focused on two locations in the country, Bais Bay area of Negros Oriental Province and Mabini-Tingloy (known as Anilao), the author investigate relationship between household income and level of community participation this relationship positive relate. Tanya Promburom, Piyaphan Klunklin and Suwipa Champawalaya 2009 conducted a study to investigate the need and readiness of community in managing community-based ecotourism; and to gather and assemble local knowledge to develop guideline for community-based ecotourism management The Hmong and Karen stakeholders from 14 villages of Mae Wang and Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai Province, with in responsible area of the Mae Hae Royal Project Development Station, were involved in this study Northern Thailand the authors investigate the relationship between promote their culture level of community participation the authors fund the result high percentage of the village leaders and villagers had positive attitude toward tourism because it could generate additional income, promote their culture, and improve infrastructure. Pongponrat. K. Pongquan.S, (2007), conducted a study to explores various aspects of community participation in local tourism development planning on Samui Island in the south of Thailand and identifies factors associated with intensity of participation of local people in the planning process organized by the Nathon community on Samui Island, the authors found relationship between household income among others- and level of local community participation in all phases and specifically in decision making and implementation phases, this mean that local people who had relatively better- off income tended to participant intensively, this implies that these people had more time to be involved in planning activities than those in the low income category, who are busy earning their living and contributed less time in planning and implementation activities. Brandon (1993) believed that the ecotourism projects have adopted the generation of economic benefits for the local community as one of their major aims. However, it is significant that only a handful of such projects have opened up the decision making process by which the scale and distribution of these economic benefits are determined to local people. Creating employment opportunities Robert S. Pomeroya, Enrique G. Oracionb, Richard B. Pollnacc, Demberge A. Caballes 2005 conducted a study to examine factors influencing the sustainability of ICM projects in the Philippines specifically, the study focused on two locations in the country, Bais Bay area of Negros Oriental Province and Mabini-Tingloy (known as Anilao), the authors investigate relationship between the employment opportunities and level of community participation the authors fund this relationship positive relate. Liu Tao, Xu Fuying, 2005 conducted a study to summarize the community participation model of rural tourism, and then analyzes the benefit appeals and the contradictories of main stakeholders of community participation in rural tourism from the following five aspects: government, community collective agency, community resident, rural tourism enterprises and rural tourists in China, the authors argued local government hopes creating more employment opportunities, driving the development of relate d industries, promoting the current new rural construction, and enhancing the popularity of the destination and so on through the development of rural tourism. Assefa T. Olav Oyhus A. 2005, conducted a study to examine the local peoples participation in the management and development of ecotourism projects in the Adwa district, Northern Ethiopia, the authors investigate the relationship between employment opportunities level of community participation the authors fund the relationship positive relate, argued that the majority of the population can be sober beneficiaries of job opportunities and get a direct benefit and that members of society must be sober-the direct beneficiaries. Denman, (2001) conducted a study to identify some general principles, and highlight some practical considerations for community-based ecotourism, the author investigated the relationship between creating employment opportunities and level of community participation, the author found that variable increas e from degree of community participation. Lea, (1988) emphasizes that the employment provided to local communities are less skilled and lower wage earning jobs, such as cleaners, bartenders, waiters, and transport operators, cooks and this impacts negatively on society and the local population feel they are not benefiting from tourism. Environment benefits Similarly to social and economic benefits, the social exchange theory can be used to theorize the environmental benefits of community participation in tourism such as increasing conservation of local environment and increasing management skills in resources utilization. The theory provides the basis for recognizing people`s need to engage in an interaction process where they seek something of value, be it material, social, or psychological. The present study is focusing on two benefits of community participation on eco-tourism named by increasing conservation of local environment and increasing management skills in resources utilization. The study by Hunter and Green, (1995) to determine the impacts of tourism on the environment, they reported that these impacts are negative and may not always be clear, since it takes a lot of time before it appears. However the consumption of resources, built environment, land use, behavior of tourists and amount of tourism will affect the host destinations environment (Swarbrooke, 1999). According to Hunter and Green (1996), environmental degradation may occur in the form of: Overexploitation of natural resources Biodiversity loss Disruption of species breeding habits Soil erosion land reclamation Soil contamination from waste disposal Coastal and ground water pollution from waste, sewage and oil disposal. Consumption of tourists will increase demand on local natural resources, which in many cases has led to environmental degradation. As the demand for wood for cooking, heating increased in parallel with the increasing number of hikers in mountainous areas. Thus, this demand has led to further deforestation and soil erosion to be so negative impact on the environment and society (Ceballos-Lascurà ¡in, 1996). Miller (1999) noted that land reclamation is often a result of the pressures on coastal areas affects the local environment and population, leading to negatively impact the environment and local residents, particularly mangrove forests are typical targets due to their shallow waters. In addition to they are also the nursery ground for a wide range of marine life and prevent coastal erosion. In addition to local people reported a very high degree of benefit regarding increased management skill in resource utilisation relating to environmental aspects; all other aspects relating to social, and economic benefits were rated at a high level. Likewise, local people were satisfied with the community participation in local tourism development in various social, economic, and environmental aspects (Pongponrat Pongquan, 2007). People reported a very high degree of benefit regarding increased management skill in resource utilisation relating to environmental aspects; all other aspects relating to social, economic and environment benefits were rated at a high level. Knowledge and understanding of the principles and objectives of a participation approach are key factors associated with the intensity of peoples participation leading local people to participate in group meetings, identifying problems and needs and plan for their groups activities (Pantong 1996). In other studies, age, length of membership, favourable attitude towards the group, income, and perceived benefits obtained from the group were found substantially associated with the intensity of their participation (Sirisongkram et al. 1999 and Pattarnarakha 2003). In addition, the willingness to participate in a development activity is another factor to be considered as this will be greater when the people could see immediate benefits to be obtained from a project in which they are going to participate (Gurung 1981:34). Likewise, local people were satisfied with the community participation in local tourism development in various social, economic, and environmental aspects. Setty (1994) and Garrod (2003) identified certain factors inhibiting peoples participation. Those factors comprise self-interest, encouragement provided by local leaders, knowledge and skills, availability of time, resource and materials, interest in welfare of community, costs-benefits of participation, quick results, gender, age, pattern of local internal communication and influence of culture and religion. Garrod (2003) found Social aspect refers to the ability of the local community to determine the social impacts of ecotourism development. Social empowerment will result in ecotourism making a contribution to the social cohesion and integrity of the local community, rather than detracting from it. it is most likely to be found in those communities where part of the net returns from ecotourism are recycled back into the local community in the form of investment in local infrastructure of the founding of social projects. Garrod (2003) Economic aspect refers to the local communitys ability to make and take opportunities for economic development through the development of ecotourism. It may also refer to the local communitys access to the productive resources that are being targeted by ecotourism. A community that is economically empowered is one where incomes are being enhanced and lasting employment is generated, where the economic benefits of ecotourism development are shared equitably among the community as a whole, and where the local community retains access rights to communitys resources base. Conservation of the environment Hassnol (2009) conducted a study to interpret and develop the indicators for success of local community participation and ecotourism sites in Sabah, the author investigated the relationship between level of community participation conservation of the environment the author found that the level of participation is high, namely the relationship is significantly related. Denman (2001) conducted a study to identify some general principles, and highlight some practical considerations for community-based ecotourism the author investigate the relationship between level of community participation and conservation , the author found that conservation enabling the community to influence activity and earn income from tourism namely that relationship significantly relate. Himoonde (2007) conducted a study to examine what local benefits accrue to the community and the level at which they participate in ecotourism, the author investigate the relationship between conservation of environment and le vel of community participation, and found the relationship high and significant. Degree of benefits gained in the increase of management skills in resources utilization Pongponrat. K. Pongquan.S, (2007), conducted a study to explores various aspects of community participation in local tourism development planning on Samui Island in the south of Thailand and identifies factors associated with intensity of participation of local people in the planning process organized by the Nathon community on Samui Island, the authors investigate the relationship between degree of benefits gained in the increase of management skills in resources utilization among all factors- and level of community participation in all phases the authors found relationship between this factor decision making and implementation to be associates with intensity of community participation in this phases and decision making phase in particular Researcher in this factor need to know the response of society to participate in the planning of eco-tourism in a country such as Yemen is one of the third world countries. Abdullah (2008) conducted a study to investigates the problems that affe cted natural resources and local community involvement in management to mitigate such problem in Bangladesh, the author investigate the relationship between management skills resources utilization and level of community participation the findings show relationship significant relate. Sebola (2005) conducted a study to investigate the ecotourism potential of the Maleboho Nature Reserve, and the manner in which such potential may be utilised to benefit the local communities around the nature reserve, the author investigate relationship between management skills and level of community participation, the findings show that relationship significant relate. 2.9 Hypotheses development 2.9.1 Social benefits There are several studies provide empirical evidence of the positive relationship between social benefits and level of community participation in ecotourism (see for example, Shaw and Williams (1994), Strasdas (2005) and Pongponrat Pongquan, (2007) In recent years social and cultural aspects have become increasingly important in the sustainable tourism debate, especially in the context of developing countries where poverty is a widespread problem. Hence, that social relations and interactions within the community became stronger among various stakeholders involved in this fair. In addition, visitors learned local traditions and culture which will help the community to solicit their support on local cultural promotion and preservation in future. 2.9.1.1 Awareness of changing way of life Theoretically, Michael (2009) argued that tourism development contributes positively towards poverty alleviation and improvement of services, employment and training projects and increase awareness of the changing way of life, which increases in participation by the community. Piyaphan and Suwipa (2009) Believed to change the way of life to attract culture in addition to teaching visitors local traditions and culture which helps the community to get support for the promotion of local culture and maintain in the future and that encourages community participation in tourism. Schulenkorf (2008) argued that there are positive effects of change the way of life and this leads to improvement of general living conditions in communities and increase the quality of life of the people. However, the way of life, are ideally suited to become tourism products because they encompass the features that make a community unique and are experiential in nature (McKercher and Ho 2006). Piyaphan and Suwipa (2009), McKercher and Ho (2006), Schulenkorf (2008). all provide empirical support of the positive relationship between employment opportunities and level of community participation in ecotourism. Thus, it is interesting to reexamine the relationship between Awareness of changing way of life and level of community participation in ecotourism in Yemen context that differ significantly in its economic, social, and environmental conditions from the countries in which this relationship was tested. This may help improve our understanding of the impact of this factor on level of community participation in ecotourism. Therefore, based on the above argument, the following hypothesis is proposed: H1: there is a positive relationship between Awareness of changing way of life and level of community participation in ecotourism in Yemen. 2.9.1.2 Promoting local traditional and culture Theoretically, Promburom, et.al 2009 argued that promote culture and traditional the village leaders and villagers had positive attitude toward tourism because it could promote their culture. Piyaphan and Suwipa ( 2009), believed visitors learned local traditions and culture which will help the community to solicit their support on local cultural promotion and preservation in future. Promburom, et al, (2009), Hassnol (2009), Pongponrat. K. Pongquan.S, (2007), all provide empirical support of the positive relationship between promoting local traditional and culture and level of community participation in ecotourism. Thus, it is interesting to reexamine the relationship between Promoting local traditional and culture and level of community participation in ecotourism in Yemen context that differ significantly in its economic, social, and environmental conditions from the countries in which this relationship was tested. This may help improve our understanding of the impact of this factor on level of community participation in ecotourism. Therefore, based on the above argument, the following hypothesis is proposed: H2: there is a positive relationship between Promoting local traditional and culture and level of community participation in ecotourism in Yemen. 2.9.2 Economic benefits Brandon (1993), Butler (1999), Sebola and Fourie, (2006), Wang and Tong (2009), all provide empirical support of the positive relationship between economic benefits and level of community participation in ecotourism. It is argued that economic benefits; To get different benefits to improving the standard of living of the local population. Moreover, that many ecotourism projects have adopted the generation of economic benefits for the local community as one of their major aims. In addition ecotourism projects that generate a lot of economic benefits to the community, however, these projects have opened the process of decision-making and distribution of these economic benefits to the local population. As well as tou