India s Mid-Day Meal Scheme - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2445 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: D-Day (Operation Neptune) Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: With a view to enhancing enrolment, retention and attendance and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August 1995 (MHRD website). It became mandatory in 2001, every child enrolled in a government and government aided primary school was to be served a prepared mid-day meal with a minimum content of 300 calories of energy and 8 to 12 gms protein per day for a minimum of 200 days. Over the years, the scheme was seen various revisions and extensions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India s Mid-Day Meal Scheme" essay for you Create order Although this scheme is centrally sponsored, the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) is a highly coordinated scheme with several actors at various levels that are essential for its functioning at the state, district, block, Gram Panchayat , local government and school level. India’s government mid-day meal program is the largest in the world, feeding 120 million students per day (Newton, 2016). The History of the MDMS: Certain states in India had their own mid-day meal schemes prior to it being introduced by the Central government in 1995. As far back in 1925, in pre-independence India, a mid-day meal program was introduced for poor children living in the Madras Corporation area in Tamil Nadu (GoI 1995:2 as cited in Swaminathan, add year). The next year, the Madras government introduced a compulsory elementary education scheme, which included the Madras Corporation. This program continued till 1982-83, when a new scheme was introduced, replacing it. The new scheme called the Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Nutritious Meal Programme (PTMGR NMP) was introduced in rural areas for pre-school and primary school children i.e. children aged from 2 to 9 years. The scheme was later extended to urban areas (Sept 1982), to old age pensioners (Jan 1983), to school students aged from 10 to 15 years (Sept 1984) and pregnant women (Dec 1995). Other parts of India too had their mid-day meal scheme before the government ini tiative in 1995 such as some parts of Kerala (1941), Bombay (1942), Bangalore city (1946), Uttar Pradesh (1953) and Gujarat (1984). By 1990-1991, twelve states had implemented the mid-day meal program using their own resources. In 1995, the NP-NSPE was launched in certain blocks. Central assistance provided free food grains (100 gram/ child/ school day) and transport subsidies capped at Rs. 50/ 100 kg. By 1997-1998, the program was extended to all regions of the country. In 2001, the Supreme court mandated the mid-day meal be implemented by all states. In the states or Union Territories where dry rations instead of cooked meals were provided, the Supreme Court ordered that cooked meals must be provided within three months in all government and government-aided primary schools (classes I to V) in all half of the Districts of the State (in order of poverty) and must extended the provision of cooked meals to the rest of the state. In October 2002 the program was extended to children in Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and Alternative and Innovative Education centers. In 2004, the NP-NSPE was revised to include, in a ddition to the free food grain provision (100 gm/ child/ school day), central assistance for cooking costs (Rs. 1/ child/ school day), transport subsidies (capped at Rs. 100/ quintal for special category states and Rs. 75/ quintal for other states), a management, monitoring and evaluation cost and the provision of meals in drought affected areas during the summer vacation. Two years later, the NP-NSPE was further revised to increase the food intake from 300 kcal to 450 kcal as well as established food standard norms.   Central assistance too was increased in the following ways – doubling the assistance towards cooking costs to Rs. 2/ child/ school day; assistance to construct a kitchen or store room; assistance to provision or replace kitchen devices and changes in the management, monitoring and evaluation cost. A year later in 2007, the scheme was extended to children in class VI to VII in Educationally Backward Blocks and all children in these classes from 2008-09. Every child in these classes was to be served a prepared mid-day meal with a minimum content of 750 kcal and 20 gms of protein per day. The central assistance was also higher with free food grains of 150 gm/ child/ school day; increased cooking costs (Rs. 2.50/ child/ school day); provision of meals in drought-affected areas in the summer vacation as well as infrastructural assistance and increased transport subsidy to special category states. In 2008, this was extended to students in Muslim religious schools supported under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was covered. In 2009, after The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education was introduced, the scheme was revised frequently, almost once a year where the focus was largely on revision of food standards, legal standards for usage of double fortified salt, guidelines on food safety and hygiene and guidelines and a model MoU for engagin with NGOs or other civil society organizations. Table 1: Mid-day meal food norms effective from Dec 1, 2009 Items Quantity per day/Child   Primary Upper Primary Foodgrains 100 gms 150 gms Pulses 20 gms 30 gms Vegetables (leafy also) 50 gms 75 gms Oil fat 5 gms 7.5 gms Salt condiments As per need As per need Source: Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) Table 2: Revised Cooking cost (Rs.) per child per school day 2011 to 2016 Stage Effective Total Cost Central-State Sharing  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-NER States (60:40) NER-States (90:10) 3 Himalayan States All UTs (100%)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Central State Central State Central Primary (Class I to V) April 1, 2011 2.89 2.17 0.75 2.60 0.29    July 1, 2012 3.11 2.33 0.78 2.80 0.31    July 1, 2013 3.34 2.51 0.83 3.01 0.33    July 1, 2014 3.59 2.69 0.90 3.23 0.36    July 1, 2015 3.86 2.32 1.54 3.47 0.39 3.86   July 1, 2016 4.13 2.48 1.65 3.72 0.41 4.13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upper Primary (Class VI to VIII) April 1, 2011 4.33 3.25 1.08 3.90 0.43    July 1, 2012 4.65 3.49 1.16 4.19 0.47    July 1, 2013 5.00 3.75 1.25 4.50 0.50    July 1, 2014 5.38 4.04 1.34 4.84 0.54    July 1, 2015 5.78 3.47 2.31 5.20 0.58 5.78   July 1, 2016 6.18 3.71 2.47 5.56 0.62 6.18 Source: Compiled from Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) Figure 1: Year Wise Outlay under Mid-Day Meal Scheme (Rs. in Crore) Source: Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) The operationalization of the MDMS: Food grains are provided by the local depots of the Food Corporation of India (FCI). While earlier the FCI supplied the food grains to the states and a centralized payment was made by the central government without confirmation by the states. Realizing that this was taking too long, the government decentralized the process in 2010 through a government order (F.1-15/ 2009). Under the new procedure, food grains are allocated biannually by the Department of School Education and Literacy in conjunction with the Department of Food and Public Distribution separately for the primary and upper primary levels. The first six monthly allocation is made in the first week of Feb of the previous financial year based on the number of children and number of school days approved by the Programme Approval Board of the Mid Day Meal Scheme for the previous year. T he second and final allocation is made in the first week of August, accounting for the unspent balance available with the states during the previous year and the first allocation. The states send a utilization certificate of food grains supplied to the Government of India (GoI), where they indicate the quantity consumed. This is done at the Block and District level. Once the states receive an allocation from the GoI, they make district-wise allocation of food grains, separately for primary and upper primary classes. A buffer stock of food grains for a month is maintained at the district level. The FCI is responsible for continuous availability of adequate quantity of good quality food grains. The District collector (or the CEO of the Zila Panchayat) are expected to ensure the food grains are of fair and adequate quality and three samples are drawn in the presence of state government representatives and those of the FCI. These samples are retained for three months and use to ascertain the veracity of complaints, if any. The FCI is expected to raise bills by the 10th day of the next month after provision of food grains and the district administration is expected to pay within 20 days. The states are expected to make adequate provisions in their budget for this and are expected to release this amount in advance to the districts. The GoI is also expected to release these funds to the state governments as soon as the budget is passed. If no budget is available at the district level, the state should authorize the districts to use the relevant treasury rules to make payments and then adjust the amounts as and when the budget is received by the states. States are also expected to monitor the lifting, payment and quantity of food grains sent to the school or cooking agency. There are several committees at different levels – at the national level the Empowered Committee, Steering-cum-Monitoring Committee (NSMC) and the Programme Approval Board (PAB), who monitor and suggest implementation measures. Other committees include – a state-level Steering–cum-Monitoring Committee, a District Level Committee and at the village level – members of Village Education Committees (VECs), Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) and the School Management Committees (SMCs). The committees at the village level are involved in the more day-to-day implementation of the scheme. Evaluation: According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017 report, India is home to 190.7 million undernourished people in the world, constituting 14.8% of its total population in 2015-17, a reduction from 2004-06 where it was 22.2%. 38.4% of children in 2017 under five are stunted, implying that their mental development, school performance and intellectual capabilities may be affected by the long-term nutritional deprivation. This is a reduction from 2012, where the corresponding figure is 47.9%. One in five children suffers from wasting, implying that their weight is low compared to their height. Furthermore, India ranks at 100 out of 119 countries on the Global Hunger Index. Nakao et al. (2018) mention that there is no national health survey after the implementation of the MDMS to evaluate the improvement nutritional outcomes for children served a mid-day meal. One would expect that the program dovetailing school attendance with meals, would improve nutritional outcom es, school attendance and enrollments. However certain researchers conducting their independent research have found mixed results as well as problems with the implementation of MDMS. A CAG report finds declining trends in enrolments during 2009-10 to 2013-14 observed in several states: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. Dreze at al. (2003) who conducted a survey of 81 randomly selected villages, divided equally in the states of Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Rajasthan, found both positive and negative aspects of the MDMS in their interviews with parents, teachers, cooks and other individuals. Of the positive findings, they report – improved school enrollment, particularly for girls; improved school attendance and retention; socialization among other castes (in a limited way); non-income support to poor families and good management of food logistics. Their negative findings include – poor infrastructure for cooking (in cluding water supply and utensils); repetitive menus; overt or covert caste discrimination and prejudices towards lower caste children or cooks; serious health hazards; disruption of classroom activity as teachers had to oversee the cooking and very low allocation of funds per meal. Another study conducted by Afridi (2005) in early 2004 in 41 randomly sampled villages in a non-tribal block of the Chindwara district on Madhya Pradesh, where information was collected on 615 households, 74 primary schools and 35 village panchayats. Afridi finds delays in the implementation of the program, 47% of panchayats spending less than mandated amounts, lack of adequate infrastructure, no separate kitchen and even the most basic adequate plates. Afridi reports a better program implementation in Karnataka with more nutritious meals (pulses and vegetables) and tablets (iron, folic and de-worming). The program was also extended till class VIII. A study in 2004 by the Pratichi research team comparin g 15 randomly chosen schools implementing the program to those who didn’t, found a 10% increase in attendance where the program was run, with a higher impact among the Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Muslim population. They also found increased teacher attendance; over four-fifths of parents were in favor of the program; 82% of parents were willing to contribute in any way and 88% of children wanting the program to continue. It is also important to note the importance of this meal as almost three-fourths of children did not have food before coming to school. In addition to the issues mentioned earlier, their study found inadequate salaries paid to cooks and limited opportunities for parental participation. Blue (2005) found in a study of 8 schools in rural Rajasthan that the children and teachers spent long hours cooking or getting firewood and in the case of teachers, supervising the meal preparation and keeping records. Additionally, since schools were paid were three to three months, the teachers took loans of food ingredients. A study in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi by De et al. (2005) found that even after selecting NGOs and caterers to cook the food, the quantity and quality of food wer e less than the minimum requirements. Criticisms: The food served under the MDMS has been criticized on various fronts such as the menu, the food quality, the preparation and even down to who prepared or served the food. The food has been criticized as low quality and the menu being repetitive. It has been argued that the government is so focused on covering as many schools and students as possible, that food quality is often relegated to a lower priority. During the food preparation, it is possible that hygiene, cleanliness and food preparation standards may not have been met. There have been multiple news reports, where children have either fallen sick after eating the mid-day meal and in some cases, tragically died. Many of these children come from extremely poor families and the mid-day meal is the only meal they might eat in a day. Many incidents go unreported as well. The parents of these children, thereby, fearing the safety of their children have declined to eat the mid-day meals. With so many intermediaries, it is inevitabl e that some of the food or raw material is siphoned away or never reaches the schools. A report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2015) found financial mismanagement by the Human Resource and Development ministry as well as states diverting funds of Rs. 123.29 crore meant for the scheme. The CAG report also found the following: the MDMS was not implemented in 32 government-aided schools of Amritsar and Ludhiana, depriving 50,417 students of benefits; the usage of 1.04 lakh kg less rice than prescribed norms in Belur, Karnataka and excess payments made to NGOs. Chauhan (add year) evaluates the use of schools to implement social policies by conducting 26 structured interviews, 8 focus groups and 5 teacher key-informant interviews in an Indian village in the state of xx. He found that the community does not trust the government, regards the state-run schools to be of poor quality and finds that the community no longer perceives the school as an institution that imparts e ducation but one that provides free meals. He cautions that the change in perception would perhaps mean that the mid-day meal may not meet its goal of promoting education. Bibliography: https://mdm.nic.in/Files/Initiatives%20%20Case%20Studies/NUTRITION_%20FOUNDATION_%20OF_%20INDIA.pdf

Police Brutality On The American Public - 2006 Words

Abdarahmane Toure English II Dr. Hollins Ph.D Solution Problem Thesis Police Brutality It is never a bad time to discuss matters of police brutality since at any given time some American gets pulled over or chased down the streets. When the police get hold of him, they probably will use excessive force in getting him to the ground and cuffing him, they might beat him a little bit in the process, just at the scene or maybe later at the station, or they just might kill him. This is the brutal truth of the reality in the American streets. One can never understand clearly the brutality of the police through mere reading of statistics. A search in the YouTube and the videos uploaded would make you want to treat the police differently. The past few months has seen the police in the news for all the wrong reasons. It is for this reason that this paper sets out to explore the subject of police brutality on the American public. Two decades ago, riots broke out in Los Angeles riots made news across the whole nation bringing the issue of excessive use of force by the police to th e court of the public. Since then the issue has remained issue of discussion although little has changed. The police continue to beat up suspects, they continue to knock them off in public for a mere show of might, people have even been killed, but very little has been done. The year 2014 was a dark year to human rights activists. Police killed andShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. 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What Are the Main Characteristics of ‘Emerging Markets’...

What are the main characteristics of ‘emerging markets’? Introduction During the changing of world economy, it is increasingly common to hear the term ‘emerging markets’ and from news and report. In the mid-1980s, the term ‘emerging markets’ was created by the World Bank, and has significant influence on the global business world nowadays (Gwynne, Klak and Shaw 2003). To raise investor’s attention to those developing countries, there are numerous characteristics springing up which are given by researches and economists. However, some of those characteristics are contradictory and it is difficult to give a real definition. This essay discusses the main characteristics of ‘emerging markets’ as defined by the World Bank and economists.†¦show more content†¦Kvint (2008) indicates that some statistics of reports on emerging market are contradictory, and this inconsistent situation even can be seen from IMF’s reports. For instance, some emerging countries like China and India are classified as eme rging markets and are included in the category of developing countries. On the other hand, many of the sub-Saharan countries as emerging markets are definitely still undeveloped. Kvint (2008) suggests that the main and most important characteristic of all emerging market countries is that they are at some stage during the processes of economic maturation and development of free markets. An attractive environment for foreign investors and global trading has been created based on this characteristic. He suggests the main characteristics in his study: an emerging market country can be defined as a society transitioning from a dictatorship to a free market-oriented economy, with increasing economic freedom, gradual integration within the global marketplace, an expanding middle class, improving standards of living and social stability and tolerance, as well as an increase in cooperation with multilateral institutions (Kvint 2008, online). Results of his study revealed that 81 countries were selected from the 192 country-members of the U.N. and categorized as emerging markets. 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Over

Over-spending and under-spending of the public sector budget Essay The over-spending and under-spending of a budget is the positive or negative discrepancy between what was really spent and what was budgeted. Outline1 Overspending2 Under disbursement3 Different sorts of discrepancies4 Best Practices Overspending Budgets overruns are the underestimate of costs and clip or by the nonconformity of budget directors with the disbursement upper limit defined in the budget, when projected. There are several accounts for overspending. Sometimes, it is merely bad calculating on portion of the budget director. There was uncomplete information or hapless prediction methods that led to an underestimate and/or unreal optimism of costs, disbursals and grosss. Often there is alteration in range of the undertaking and costs associated with range alteration are neither captured nor covered in the hazard extenuation or eventuality program. Fundss are allocated to the cost centres for disbursement, it is controlled. Overspent fund accumulate in arrears. Overruns could besides be a consequence of off-budget disbursement which non considered portion of the budget and is non included in budget sums. Off budget disbursement is frequently for political grounds. For illustration, after a petition from President Reagan, Congress placed strategic crude oil modesty passing off-budget in 1982. Alternatively of utilizing other agencies to command the shortage raising grosss or cutting disbursement placing this plan off-budget gave the visual aspect of a smaller shortage, even though the authorities still needed to finance this disbursement. Beginning: Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Historical Tables and Mid-session Review, FY2006. Sometimes the outgo processes are complicated and hard. To besiege this procedure exceeding processs are development to rush to the procedure to let go of the financess. These exceeding processs are tolerated by the exchequer for politically sensitive outgos. The processs are often abused and should be discouraged. These processs are used my functionaries to order supplies without doing a formal petition and much later the twelvemonth un-forecasted bills appear. Sometime fund are unavailable to do this bills which leads to coevals of arrears for the undermentioned twelvemonth. The combination of exceeding processs besides has long-run deductions, incentivizing disbursement bureaus to travel outside the budget system to avoid control wholly. Such processs are associated with or ensue in corruptness. Frequently past experiences can take to overspending. If a section caput under spent the old twelvemonth and the budget for the undermentioned twelvemonth was lost. The section is extremely likely to pass the full sum for the fright of losing financess for the following twelvemonth. The manner in which public presentation is reported can hold a important consequence on the chumminess and coordination between sections. If engagement of the directors implementing the budget was absent, so directors can fault this for the file to stay by the budget. In add-on impact of rising prices and a sense of entitlement towards certain financess are besides factors to be considered in budget planning. Overruns can be caused by such lacks in budget readying. Under disbursement Many authoritiess do non pass their full one-year budget. The grounds for this under disbursement can be assorted and can ensue in many results. Lack of timely disbursement or under disbursement can impact the citizens non having indispensable authorities services. Certain countries have more economic impacts such as occupations created through the timely induction of new substructure undertaking. Under disbursement can frequently blockade resources from other departments/managers which/who are passing their budget more fruitfully, forestalling them to make their complete potency of success in bringing of the intended service. Diary Of Anne Frank EssayClose interaction between the fiscal information system and the budgeting systems is indispensable. There should be a control on corporate disbursement and any shortage, a overarching prioritization of schemes with respects to outgos and better usage of the budgeted resources. The sanctioned budget should be entered into the fiscal information system. In add-on to a full committedness system, memoranda notes should be included the system that gaining control records of committedness but does non amend the fiscal records. Seasonably comparative fiscal statements on a regular footing. These statements should include original and revised budget, gaining control discrepancies and explicate major discrepancies. The audited and dependable statements are based in solid accounting criterions with regular external coverage. Budget Monitoring: Monitoring and commanding consists of those procedures are performed to detect that possible jobs can be identified in a timely mode and disciplinary action can be taken, when necessary. The cardinal benefit is that the actuals are observed and measured on a regular basis to place discrepancies from the budget. During the class of the twelvemonth, case may originate where the income or outgo is really big that may necessitate and auxiliary estimation. The better the degree of control and intelligence available the earlier this state of affairss can be detected and more fleetly and allow an action can be taken to minimise the discrepancy. However if is determined at that place has to be a alteration so the fiscal information systems can be updated every bit shortly as possible. If a section become cognizant that it will overspend at any clip during the twelvemonth it must advise the Treasury section instantly. It is possible that a supplement estimation is provided if deemed appropriate. Transparency is cardinal print the State accounting policies, set up system of internal controls, and maintain doors open for public and parliamentary examination. Flexible budgeting is a public presentation rating tool. It is non be prepared before the terminal of the financial period. A flexible budget adjusts the initial budget for the existent degree of end product. The flexible budget answers the inquiry: If the section had known at the beginning of the period what would the end product volume ( units delivered or sold ) would be, what the budget would hold looked like? If the section really delivered X units, so exchequer should compare existent bringing costs for X units to what it should hold spent to do Ten units, non to what the section should hold spent to present X-1000 units or X+1000 units etc. The flexible budget provides a better chance for planning and commanding than does a inactive ( initial ) budget.