Branches Of Biology Essay

Levels of OrganizationWhy do we need to learn about levels of presidency?Helps us to understand how our world fits togetherHelps us to organize the structures of animate systems and how they all work together1. Organelles little organs Small structures inside of a cell that perform a specific function. Examples include mitochondria, nucleus, and Golgi body2. Cell- Basic unit of structure & function in conduct. Cells are the building blocks of all living things.3. Tissue A group of the same kind of cells working together for a specific purpose4. Organs A part of an organism do up of tissues that do a specific job.5. Organ Systems A group of organs that work together for a specific job.9. Organism Any living thing.10. Population -A group of the same organism living together. This word is often used to describe the size of the group. 11. Community- Several populations living together and interacting in somewhat way. 12. Ecosystem All the biotic communities plus all abiotic factors. MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY The word philosophy is derived from the Greek words philia (love) and sophia (wisdom) and means the love of wisdom. Pythagoras was said to realize been the starting man to call himself a philosopher in fact, the world is indebted to him for the word philosopher.It is said that when Leon, the tyrant of Philius, asked him of who he was, he said, a Philosopher and he likened the Philosopher to spectators at antique games. Before that time the wise men had called themselves a sage, which was interpreted to mean those who know. Pythagoras was more modest. He coined the word philosopher, which he defined as one who is attempting to note out. According to him, men and women of the world could be classified into 3 groups (1. those that love pleasure) (2. those that love activity) and (3. those that love wisdom.)MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, much(prenominal) as those connected with existence, knowledg e, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate, understand, and answer fundamental drumheads.NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe, which are often held uncritically. We refer to this inwardness as the informal sense of philosophy or having a philosophy. Usually when a person says my philosophy is, he or she is referring to an informal personal attitude to whatever topic is being discussed. 2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. These two senses of philosophy having and doing cannot be treated entirely independent of each other, for if we did not have a philosophy in the formal, personal sense, then we could not do a philosophy in the critical, reflective sense. Having a philosophy, however, is not sufficient for doing philosophy. 3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole. Philosophy seeks to combi ne the conclusions of the various sciences and human experience into some kind of consistent world view.Philosopherswish to see life, not with the specialized slant of the scientist or the businessperson or the artist, but with the overall view of someone cognizant of life as a totality. 4. Philosophy is the tenacious analysis of language and the light of the heart and soul of words and concepts. . Certainly this is one function of philosophy. In fact, nearly all philosophers have used methods of analysis and have sought to clarify the meaning of terms and the use of language. Some philosophers see this as the main task of philosophy, and a few claim this is the only legitimate function of philosophy.5. Philosophy is a group of perennial problems that interest people and for which philosophers always have sought answers. Philosophy presses its inquiry into the deepest problems of human existence. Some of the philosophical questions raised in the quondam(prenominal) have been ans wered in a manner satisfactory to the majority of philosophers. Many questions, however, have been answered only tentatively, and many problems remain unsolved. What is truth? What is the distinction between honest and wrong? What is life and why am I here? Why is there anything at all?IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY1. The study of Philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly about important issues. 2. In studying Philosophy, we learn to take a step back from our everyday thinking and to research the deeper, bigger question which underpins our thought. 3. The focus in the study of Philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how to think. 4. Studying philosophy sharpens your analytical abilities, enabling you to identify and mensurate the strengths and weaknesses in any position. 5. It hones your ability to construct and articulate cogent arguments of your own. 6. It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think flexibly and creatively about problems which d o not present immediate solutions. 7. Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it also develops your ability to think and work independently.BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHYHistorically, philosophical concerns have been treated under these broad categories 1. Logic, 2. Metaphysics, 3. Epistemology, 4. Value theory A. LOGIC Logic is the systematic study of the rules for the correct use of these supporting reasons, rules we can use to let outgood arguments from bad ones. Most of the great philosophers from Aristotle to the present have been convinced that logic permeates all other sleevees of philosophy. The ability to test arguments for logical consistency, understand the logical consequences of certain assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a philosopher is using are essential for doing philosophy12. B. METAPHYSICS Another traditional branch of Philosophy traditionally know as metaphysics. For Aristotle, the term metaphysics meant first philosophy, discussio n of the most universal principles later the term came to mean comprehensive thinking about the nature of things. It means, usually, the study or theory of reality. The question of metaphysics is what is reality? What is real? Is reality some kind of thing. Is it one or is it many? If it is one, then how is it related to many things slightly us? Can ultimate reality be grasped by five senses, or is it supernatural or transcendent? Metaphysics undoubtedly is the branch of philosophy that the new-made student finds most difficult to grasp. Metaphysics attempts to offer a comprehensive view of all that exists. It is concerned with such problems as the relation of mind to matter, the nature of change, the meaning of freedom, the existence of God, and the belief in personal immortality.13. C. EPISTEMOLOGY The technical term for the theory of knowledge is epistemology, which comes from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge. In general, epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the sources, nature, and asperity of knowledge. There are three central questions in this field (1) What are the sources of knowledge? Where does genuine knowledge come from or how do we know? This is the question of origins. (2) What is the nature of knowledge? Is there a real world outside the mind, and if so can we know it?D. VALUE THEORY Value theory is the branch of philosophy that studies values. It can be subdivided into ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy. In broad terms ethics concerns itself with the question of morality. What is right and what is wrong in human dealings? Within morality and ethics there are three major areas descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and metaethics. Descriptive ethics seeks to identify moral experience in a descriptive way.We seek to identify, within the range of human conduct, the motives, desires, and intentions as well as overt acts themselves.

James Berardinelli. “Twelve Monkeys” Essay

12 monkeysIntroduction In the depiction 12 monkeys there was a computer virus which was deliberately released in 1996 and killed more than five billion community. The survivors went to seek refuge into the underground sending volunteers to bring insect specimen from the universe to scrutiny for the virus presence. One of the sent prisoners is James cole who goes is given a chance to go back to 1996 but he is taken to 1990 instead. He remembers things as if he was in a dream. Among the things is where he remembers witnessing a man be killed in the airport while he was a child. This is what is always seen to be the amount stage in whole movie (Lynette, 3). Below is a discussion on how mental illness can be judged on this particular movie for part one, part two discusses the rendering of mental illness in regard to the social norms and believes, with part three closing with the discussion of how Coles regard relate to Platos allegory of the cave. In this film, mental illness is f eatured in many instances for instance, when Jose mentions that the so called volunteers are said to go mad. This presents a clear show of mental illness in the movie. We also nonice cole being locked up in the mental institution with other lunatics, present that there were other many lunatics present. Goines is definitely crazy or schizoid because of his hallucinating and grandiosity nature. Dr. Railly, the psychiatrist alludes that may be the whole existence may be in of sound mind(predicate). We really dont understand if cole was really from the futureor was he mentally divergent. We notice cole questioning his mental capabilities, where he asks himself if it could not be great if he was crazy. Simultaneously the Dr. is convinced that he is from the furfure of which we know that this can not be right (Lynette, 8). If he was really sane and from the furfure, then how can one explain the voice that he hears, the one he calls bum calling him Bob, what of the changing guard pla ques what of the fact that he is never seen coming or leaving and his memory lapses? We really cant know the physical divergence he claims to have because one cant explain his fore knowledge about the boy in the well. The appearances in the world War onephotos and the bullets in his leg. In short, this movie seems to be implying that we may not be mentally ill or weird than the world we live. Relative to the social believes and norms, mental illness or abnormality can be seen as not being an exact process as it tends to focus on different individuals with different lines of thinking. This relies on different situations, behaviors and context to which the measurement is applied (Weinberger ,2001) In defining abnormality, people from different societies and countries have varied ideas. Each and every culture has its own concepts of what it considers to be normal or abnormal. This can make us conclude that what is considered as abnormal in one society is not the same in other societies . So, there is no society which is mere sterling(prenominal) than the other in their perception of mental illness or one society has got many mental disorders than the other (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). If we look at the dispute from the norms, something or somebody can be considered abnormal if does not conform to what could be considered statistically abnormal. Those who focus on this aspect, only consider specific aspects. For instance, the intelligence service quotient (IQ), the personal characteristics and their distribution. Asserting that a person is is abnormal in this aspect typically means that they deviate from the numeric average of a specific trait and behavior patterns. The other mostly applied aspect in examining the mental illness of people is the deviation from the social norms. Naturally, some behaviors are considered as being not accepted in the society, but they can still be expected to be applied in certain situations. The majority of the populat ion knows how to objurgate and come along with these changes (Weinberger ,2001). The ones that contradict this are taken as abnormal or mentally ill on the extremes. Also, a person is considered abnormal if he/she is not functioning correctly in that he or she may lack a full range of emotion and feelings and therefore his life is considered abnormal. These kinds of people can only be able to participate in only limited range of functioning lifestyle(American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Distress can also be used to gauge the mental illness capability of people as it could be an underlying mental problem. Another aspect in the social norms definition of mental illness is the persons association with others. If a person relation with others courses people to feel discomfort, it could be taken as these people are not mentally right. Along with this is the peoples unpredictable behavior which could much reflect on their mental health. The Coles experiences relate to the Platos alle gatory of the cave as his allegations that the real world may not be what our senses reveal. In relation to the Coles experience, we see him moving from one world of the past to the furfure or the vice varsa. In real this could only be a dream or mere imaginations, this alludes that Coles experiences could be reflecting Platos thoughts or allegations. In his Dialogue with Glaucon, we are not sure of the cave which he was referring to, either it could be the underground that the people had escaped to after the virus struck the universe or the prison where Cole was imprisoned. When he imagined that the prisoners could think that the sound that they heard were really coming from the shadows, it coincides with Cole seeing the changing face of the guard and that of omnipresence. His concepts on the shadows could reflect Coles switching from one world to another. Was what he saw from the 1990 world true or could it his experience from the 1996 and 2035? Which was the truer experience? On the last part of their discussion with Glaucon, he tells him that they, meaning the government, can not show any gratitude for the culture which they have never received. This could be reflecting the 12 monkeys who had released the virus that almost eliminated the human race according to the film. He said that with education on how to tackle issues, one will be able to turn thumbs down these ill minded people, reflecting Coles endeavors.ReferencesRoger Ebert (1996-01-05). 12 Monkeys.Chicago Sun-TimesLynette Rice (August 26, 2013). 12 monkeys pilot. Entertainment WeeklyJames Berardinelli. Twelve Monkeys.ReviewsCommission on behavioral and Social Sciences Education, National Research Council. 2000. How People Learn Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC National Academies Press.Weinberger, D., Torrey, E.F., and Berman, K. 2001. Schizophrenia PET scan. Retrieved July 13, 2008American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of rational Disorders, 4th EditionThe Allegory of the Cave http//www.historyguide.org/intellect/allegory.htmlSource document

Art History Essay

1. How does Ernst Gombrich define sprint and how might we understand the relationship between an objects style and the time and tooshie in which it was created? Ernst Gombrich defines style as any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is per figed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made. He also portrays style as distinguished event or pieces that has desirable consistency and conspicuousness and stands out from a mass of undistinguished events or objects. In relation to time and place in which style was created, The analysis of stylistic traditions in terms of the means peculiar to individual arts cuts across another approach, which is less interested in longitudinal study of evolution than in the synchronic characterization of all activities of a particular group, nation, or period.2. Based upon the readings, what is the relationship between style and form? Style is observing and seeing recognizable features in an object form is in representin g the event, portrays the idea, in which style and form come together to create vivid representation.3. Jacques-Louis David is often described as the leader of the Neo spotless school of painting and Oath of the Horatii is frequently described as the quintessential Neoclassical painting. Identify five dollar bill elements of Davids painting that might be described as Neoclassical. 1. Neoclassic artists and critics sought to revive the ideal of classical Greece and Rome. The drapery and clothing worn by the figures in the drawing represent the classical Greek era, as well as the columns in the background show a great representation of classical architecture.4. The harsh, slanting light gives the figures their relief, and their contrasting characters are conveyed using different forms. The figures are separated by large empty spaces in a stage-like area shown head-on. The employ shade and shadow contrasted to the lighting emphasis enhanced the perception of depth.5. There is a sens e of order, logic, and clarity in the subject matter and content, concepts such as dedicating it to a ruler. Also there is a sense of decorum, appropriateness, and morality was emphasized. The painting isnt styled with playful subject matter, or dreamy mythological, Greek god-like figures and bright colors, only when technical approach by the artist.6. Through the use of shade and applied shadows to representing deuce-ace dimensional space on a two dimensional canvas. The 1-point military position of the room was convincely natural the human figures were well proportioned and anatomically accurate.7. The return to the Roman antiquity was the primary source of inspiration, which led to a period of revival meeting in classicism and classical knowledge. It was also a period of enlightenment and rational thinking. This entire picture was a result of an imagination, drawn up with convincing realism to serve as an illustration to convince the viewers at their first glance.8. Explain t he significance of genre and narrative in the classification of Davids Oath as Neoclassical. This image is classified in the genre of history painting. This painting was based on the legend about the founding of Rome. David tells the story of three brothers that make an oath of loyalty to their father blasphemy defend their city til death. . Most Neo-Classical paintings take their subjects from Ancient Greek and Roman history. In this painting, the Horatii brothers are swearing an oath on their swords, which their father presents to them to fight until they die for their country. David creates the ideal image to represent greater seriousness and moral commitment, which are the basic principles of Neo-Classicism. David achieves what most classic artists and critics strive for in their art by reviving the idea of classical Greece and Rome.

Porter’s five forces Essay

It is genuinely signifi stick outt for the dose companies and super trades to use the five forces to realise that they strategic altogethery position themselves in a way that they become very private-enterprise(a) to make certainly that they remain in business and also make and maximize profits. Managers experience a very important role in ensuring that they do enough analysis so that they employ strategies to make them make the outstrip out of the business that they do. doormans forces can be analyzed to act as gigabyte sticks for the super securities industrys and the do medicines companies to position themselves so as to do a profitable business as they view a very agonistical and saturated purlieu that is very lovesome to changes. (McGahan, 2004)The supermarkets and the dose companies should utilize the Michael Porters five forces analyses as a framework to guide them operate in the competitive environment. The forces that mend the supermarkets and drug compan ies be those that ar close to them and need to be properly analyzed since they affect their faculty to effectively serve their customers and also make profits.When the supermarkets and drug companies face changes in the five forces, they need to look back the market place and make decisions that ordain correspond that they remain profitable and repugn their competitors. Their management should extremely depend on research and marketing intelligence to gather the necessary information that leave financial aid them make sound decisions that ordain help their firms since they argon faced with a deal out of competition from their agree competitors.The closeness of substitutesSubstitutes are alternative products that experience the ability to satisfy similar needs and give solutions. Substitutes in the supermarkets and drug industries reduce the potential returns since they place a ceiling on the scathes offered for products. Firms that realize that products being offered throng aim a lot of profits look for substitutes products that can substitute so that they whitethorn also love profits. Drug companies face a big challenge since scientists and researchers are coming up with products generic drugs that struggle very much with the vivacious original products.Due to research, drug industries are discovering new products every sidereal day that are either more than effective or cure the uniform diseases. This has become a very big challenge since the market has become open and new discoveries are welcome every sequence. Customers will always be tempted to look for the new products to see whether they are more effective and are make to believe that the newest drugs on the market are the best since they are more new and tested. Malaria drugs for instance are changing every time and patients believe that the new discoveries can handle Malaria more strongly than those that were at that place before.Marketers in drug industry must constantly try to sell there drugs by marketing them all the time and assuring their markets that the drugs they have are the best. Almost all drugs have tested substitutes and it gives the sellers and the users a variety of choices to choose from and making it very hard for some drugs to be pushed. The drug industry is so concentrated and even the herbal industry is attracting a lot of audience sine they claim to have varieties and more effective drugs. (Porter, 1985)Supermarkets are facing very mingy challenges since many supermarkets are opening up everyday with better supplies from substitute goods that make them appear to be cheaper than the a nonher(prenominal)s. Customers will go to those supermarkets with variety of substitutes so that they may get more cheap goods that can meet their needs. In a supermarket, companies will channel and buy spaces in the supermarkets and also arrange and make them more appealing than the products from their competitors.When we look at underlying product s like bread and flour, you will find that there are many substitutes that will be in the same supermarket and that can play the same role and act as substitutes of the other. Supermarkets face a stiff challenge from the others and because need to do extensive advertizement, introduce new cheap products every time and increase service to the customers since there is a stiff competition from other supermarkets. Supermarkets will always try to take customers from each other by winning them with the substitutes that they offer and run that they also offer at a cheaper price. (Lovelock, 2006)The Intensity of Rivalry among Established CompaniesSupermarkets and drug companies face a very competitive environment that has a big concentration of rival competitors making it a very competitive venture in business. They argue with heir rivals across al levels and try all strategies to ensure that they beat their rivals and try to do extensive marketing and innovation to attract more custome rs every day. There are many constituted companies that are more organized and have better strategies than the new peerlesss that come up and thereof have a competitive edge over the others.An complete company will mean having a headspring developed network that has a good client base and that is supported by customer homage and therefore locking out the new firms that try to make an impact by trying the existing markets. The well established pharmaceutical firms give a big challenge to the new companies in the market that try to make their products known. Even though substitute products are received in drug industries, it becomes soft for the established firms to push customers to start using their new products in the market since they have a give away in the market and customers are loyal to them. (Porter, 1985)Customers will always be pulled to go to the al take established supermarkets that they are used to them and will always feel that their services are the best. They also believe that products and services that are offered in the established supermarkets are the best and all they offer are the best to take car of their needs. The new supermarkets are highly challenged and must therefore position themselves strategically by ensuring that they price their products well and also do extensive advertising to market their products and services and have new customers and prospects that will be customers in future.The rate of growth of the drug companies and supermarkets has become a big challenge as new ones come into the market every time with very attractive terms for customers and therefore clout them and pulling away their loyal customers. Competitors in the drug companies and supermarkets have diversities and therefore make them very remarkable and unequalled and thus being very hard to compete with them in a very competitive environment due to high concentration of players who are doing the same businesses. There is need for e advertising to m arket both individual products and the supermarkets and drug companies due to the stiff competition from rival players in the same field that is concentrated highly.The bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers take advantage of their unique supplies to ask and bargain for what they indigence and enjoy the monopoly and charge expensively for the products or services that they offer. Customers are very sensitive to any changes that may affect them that are caused by the bargaining power of the suppliers. Suppliers are a competitive threat in drug industries because they can raise the prices of new and the old supplies and therefore making the customers to try substitute products that can satisfy the same need. Suppliers may cost the drug companies a lot of financial constrain if they pitch and fail to tag on their products as it is involving to get new and reliable suppliers that can give quality and be efficient all the time. (Grant, 2005)Doctors will recommend their clients to use substitutes according to their financial abilities and are in a position to refer them to use any of the substitutes. Supermarkets must try as much as mathematical to bargain well with their suppliers so that they may get quality products at the right price so that they may also sell and price their products well in relation to those of the competitors so that they may not loose customers to the other supermarkets. Suppliers will have more power if they are hardly a(prenominal) or alone in the market and will give their products at a very high price and will affect the sales of the supermarket in the long run.It is very important for the drug companies and the supermarkets to have suppliers that can supply substitute products that are more or les the same so that their customers will not run to the other outlets that have the products that they need. In the event that the suppliers reduce their products quality and raise the price of their products, it will be a great competitive challenge to the drug industries and the supermarkets that offer the same services.The determinants of the suppliers power in both the supermarkets and the drug companies includes suppliers concentration in one particular place that is central in location, volume of suppliers that they offer to the supermarkets and the drug companies and finally the costs related to the total purchases that they do. The suppliers ensure that they take advantage of their strengths to bargain and register as much profits as possible and make the buyers of their suppliers to accept what they offer and fix high prices. (Cullen and Boteeah, 2005)The happen of Entry by Potential CompetitorsThe new competitors enter into business with an intention to bring new capacities that neer existed before so that they may give competition to the existing firms. Every new entrant into the drug and supermarket business is a big threat to the existing firms since they may pose a big insecurity when they come and ta ke the existing customers by intimidating them with good attractive services and also constitute their businesses in strategic points that will attract more customers. Supermarkets and drug companies are very profitable and has therefore it has been attracting very many new entrants who perceive it as a good profitable business that has a lot of assurance since the customers will always need food and other materials offered I the supermarkets and drugs to help hold back and cure diseases.Their main interest is to capture big market share that exists so that they make more sales and therefore make profits. Supermarkets face a lot of competition from new entrants who come up with new and customer satisfying service that are very attractive and take their customers. They are few barriers to the new entrants in this field and many businessmen are thinking of opening up one stop supermarkets that are in strategic positions to attract customers. (Mark, 2001) There are many barriers that might be in the drug industries that may affect the drug firms. They include the following government policies on drug companies, economies of scale, capital requirements that are needed to start a drug company, brand identities and reactions from firms in the drug industry. unfermented entrants in the drug industry are seen by those that are already in existence as a threat since they take and reduce their market share and make them reduce their sales and therefore register fewer profits from the sales. Though governments might create barriers to help streamline the industry, it will not fully succeed since many new entrants might meet the requirements put on them and give challenge to the already flocked market. The higher the entry barriers, the less it is likely for outsiders to enter the industry. (Sparrow and Hilltop, 1994)The Bargaining Power of BuyersThis is the marketplace of outputs. Customers in the supermarkets and drug industry put the two businesses a lot of pressure since they are very sensitive to any change in prices and are always ready to window shop and find where prices are relatively cheap. The availability of substitute products in both the supermarkets and drug companies has made it very challenging for all those who run these businesses and are therefore supposed to learn the behavior of their customers so as not to frighten off them to their competitors and therefore reducing their profitability.The players in the drugs and supermarket firms make it .Many supermarkets and drug companies give room for their customers to bargain and make the competitors to be on toes. It is very important for the drug companies and supermarkets to highly depend on market intelligence so as to be very strategic in their pricing since there are many supermarkets and drug industries that are ready to reduce their prices by negligible amount that can attract customers from their competitors. (Brewster, 1995)Buyers are ready to run into substitute products that are being marketed everyday in the supermarkets and drug companies due to the changing technologies that are leading to cheaper and quality production of substitute products. Advertisers are taking advantage of the sensitivity that the buyers have to market new products that hit the market daily.The drug industries and the supermarkets should have a variety of substitutes in their business premise to pull all the customers and reduce the customers from moving to their competitors who offer various products in different prices. Since buyers are the ones that ensure that there is continuity of business, the supermarkets and the drug companies should learn and be very sensitive to the changing tastes and preferences in set to win buyers and also ensure that they remain loyal to them since the concentration of many firms is a big threat.Supermarkets and drug firms must ensure that they use the Porters analysis since they face stiff and very competitive challenges from firms that have realized that they can make lucrative profits from the supermarket and drugs since they are apprised of a lot of profits from a large customer base that is attracted by these firms. They need to assess the market very well and ensure that they learn there customers very well and also ensure that they position themselves to compete more effectively to remain in business and also maintain a good human relationship with their customers so that the competitors may not take away their customers. It is only through these methods that they will be assured of remaining in business tomorrow. (Brandenburger and Nalebuff, 1995)ReferenceBrandenburger, M. and Nalebuff, J. (1995) The Right Game. Use Game Theory to Shape Strategy. Harvard lineage Review pp.59-69Brewster. C (1995) Towards a European Model of Human Resource Management-Journal of International Business. Vol 26, pp 112Cullen, J. and Boteeah, K. (2005) Multinational Management. A strategic Approach, 3rd Edition, Mason Thomson S outh-Western, pp 54Grant, R. (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford pp 24-45Lovelock, J. (2006) Services Marketing, People, Technology, and Strategy. impertinently York, Prentice Hall, pp 23-45Mark, D. (2001) Human Resource Management and organizational performance 3rd Edition of the Institute of Management, Washington, U.S, pp 76Porter, M. (1979) How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review pp 34Porter, M. (1985) Competitive Advantage-Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The Free Press, sore York, pp 12-56McGahan, A. (2004) How Industries spring up Principles for Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance. Harvard Business School Press, pp 27-37Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994) European Human Resource Management in Transition New York, Prentice Hall, pp 45-76

What Is Nationalism?

What is patriotism? The easiest way to define such a complex and large-minded term like patriotism is to start with the definition of a nation. A nation, as Ernest Renan clearly define in 1882, is is a conglomerate of great deal who sh ar a common past and have derived a strong bond, with an agreement to stay together and be governed by mutual consent in the future. In different words, a vast group of people living under the same type of governance that share a common language, culture, history and a similar background overall. These nations become unified by sport events like the Olympics or World Cups.patriotism is a possible definition of the happiness and pride lived during these games barely the term is so complex that further explanation is needed. The origins of Nationalism, its characteristics, the types of depicted objectism that concern and the huge complexity of the term could all join in to create a perfect definition of such term. The causes that arouse the ol factory sensations of nationalism can lead to a clear definition of this word. Short-term political causes like the American and cut Revolution led to the unification of its people to fight for what was theirs.The vernacularization of language and an easy access to books or newspapers were few of the effects that resulted from Martin Luthers 95 theses, the translation of the New Testament, or the invention of the printing press. Consequently, nationalism started emerging as a political ideology. In John Stuart pulverisations article Of Nationality, as connected with Representive Government expresses the causes of nationalism from his perspective. Mill begins his article by explaining how people, organism part of a nation, should be link by common sympathies, should cooperate with each early(a), and agree to live under the rules of the same government.In addition, he mentions the fact that geographical limits are also one and only(a) of the causes of nationalism. People liv ing in the same area go out consequently end up having a common language and/or religion. But the strongest of all Mill emphasizes on, is the identity of political antecedents the sharing of a common history together and experiencing emotions of pride and humiliation or joy and regret at any point given. From John Stuart Mill to Eric Hobsbawn, various authors help find out the unlike characteristics with the help of their give opinions and ideas on the subject of nationalism.Mills view on nationalism is altogether optimistic. He explains how countries, in order for them to be nations, should unite under the same needs and demands. This being, cooperation between their confess people and an aim to be under the same system of government. In contrast, side of meat journalist and novelist, George Orwell, had a different and negative theory on this topic. He views the nationalists as power-hungry and with the unique goal of forcing their customs on others. Orwell believes there are triple characteristics to a nationalist thought obsession, instability, and indifference to reality.Obsession thinking your own kingdom is superior to all the rest. The instability between the nationalist rulers or dictators. And finally, indifference to reality describes how nationalistic way blinds people from noticing facts of the real world. Additionally, in his article Nations and Nationalism since 1780 historian Eric Hobsbawn explains how nationalism always comes before a nation and it helps it form and develop from it. He also believes both political and national systems should be equal. These altered points of view help change our beliefs on nationalism and shape the definition of nationalism even more.The different types of nationalism are clearly explained in George Orwells Notes on Nationalism article. Positive, negative and transferred are the three types the writer focuses on while talking about Britains nationalism throughout the years. Subdivisions such as Neo-to ryism, Celtic, and Zionism are specified by Orwell under the positive nationalism category. He states that Neo- tories are anti- American (and sometimes anti- Russian) that do not recognize that Britains power and supremacy have declined. Orwell describes Celtic Nationalists as anti- English but have nothing to do with Anglophobic.These Irish, Welsh, and Scottish nationalists are known for their racist beliefs. These discriminatory beliefs are also a common denominator for the Jews that are part of Zionism. George Orwells next grouping known as Transferred Nationalism fall divisions such as Communism, Political Catholicism, Color feeling, Class feeling, and pacifism. The difference between transferred and the other two types of nationalism is the fact that it isnt as serious as the other two but people still believe in it and are somewhat influenced by it.Class feeling and color feeling are similar in the sense of superiority between races or class status. White people over black pe ople or upper classes over lower classes are some examples of this dogmatism. Pacifism is described as hatred of western democracy and admiration of totalitarianism against Britain and the United States. Lastly, George Orwell subdivides Negative Nationalism into Anglophobia, Anti- semitism, and Trotskyism. Against their own country, Anti- Jews (against Jews) and against Stalin are the main motives of these three examples.Nationalism is one of those words whose current definition is based on opinion and belief. The complexity of this term is due to time evolution. As different periods of time passed, nationalism went to from being negative to positive or vice versa. Showing pride for the United States by singing the national anthem at the beginning of a school day wasnt the same thing as yelling Heil Hitler to a soldier in Germany during the Holocaust. Propaganda was another main influencer of the people. The government put up posters and television receiver ads showing the bad side of their opponents in order to get their countrys support during war.Lastly, as George Orwell said, nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. Nationalism is the will to imply or even personnel department a lifestyle or customs on others whilst patriotism is the showing of pride and joy of ones way of living and commitment to a certain place. There are many other opinions on this complicated word such as Perry Andersons wrong belief of thinking nationalism was the desire of people to form their own independent nation-state. There are no right or wrong definitions of nationalism because they are all expressed by people in their each and own unique ways.Their surroundings and their experiences both influence how the feelings of nationalism are defined. However, one does not deny that a definition for such feelings is obviously subjective Bibliography Easton, Mark. Cry God for Harry, England, and Saint George. BBC. N. p. , 14 June 2010. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . Mill, John Stuart. Of Nationality, as connected with Representative Government. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . The Origins of Nationalism. CSU Bakersfield. California State University, n. d. Web. 30 Aug. 2012. . Orwell, George. Notes on Nationalism. ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Renan, Ernst. Quest-ce quune nation? What is a nation? . ASM IB History 1. The American School of Madrid, n. d. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Savich, Carl K. Nationalism and War. MakNews. N. p. , 1 Sept. 2010. Web. 29 Aug. 2012. . Wolfson, Ben, ed. Nationalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N. p. , 1 June 2010. Web. 31 Aug. 2012. .

Education as a Social Institution Essay

At just about slur in time each oneness is a recipient of some type of commandment. This can take the crap of traditional schooling, home schooling, or mentoring by an individual. Formal schooling, within industrialized nations, typically encompasses one tierce of an individuals life. This is one of the reasons sociologists have examined education as it relates to discordant companionable perspectives. This paper leave behind explore education in regards to the Functionalist, Conflict, and Interactionist perspectives/views. (Perspective and views will be used interchangeably throughout this paper).Two theories atomic number 18 considered in accounting for the increased schooling required for employment in right industrial confederation (a) a technical-function theory, stating that educational requirements reflect the demands for greater skills on the job due to technological change and (b) a strife theory, stating that employment requirements reflect the efforts of compe ting status groups to monopolise or dominate jobs by imposing their cultural standards on the selection process (Collins, 1971).Applying the Functionalist possible actionFunctionalist theory is explained by asserting that societies function like biological systems in that they have differentiated parts that function together to ensure the smooth operation and selection of the organism as a whole (Morrow, Torres, 1995). It is important to note that within the functionalist theory there be three different functions. Manifest functions of institutions are open, stated, conscious functions. They involve the intended, recognized consequences of an aspect of community, such as the universitys role in certifying academic competence and excellence (Schaefer, 2009). An face of this would be the core classes that are available to students in elementary school.Such as math, history, English, etc. While some schools, dependent on them being private or public institutions, offer various a dditional classes, they all predominately educate their students in core capabilities. Latent functions are those functions that are unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect unnoticeable purposes of an institution. One latent function of universities is to hold down unemployment. Another is to serve as a meet ground for pile seeking marital partners (Schaefer, 2009). The third sub-function is dysfunction. In the military, dysfunction is referred to as the ten-percent. This means that for every group, unit, etc there will be ten percent of the population that does not conform to the military representation of life. More simply, this can be expressed as an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the accessible system or reduce its stability (Schaefer, 2009).Todays educational system teaches students to become integral parts of society. Through public education, teachers are able to crop tomorrows workforce in societal norms, ensuring they understand how to become contributors to their societys stability. An typesetters case of the contribution to society the education system tolerates is parents that take on extra jobs to fund their childs education.This provides revenue for the immediate family, while funding and teaching the child the importance of hard work, devotion, and self cede (societal norms). This can be compared to the example in the text about Hindus and their devotion to cows. retributory as the Hindu understand the benefit the benefits that they receive by ensuring their cows remain available to aim and fertilize their agricultural crops, most parents apply the same concept to educating their children. Understanding the benefits an education will provide not only their immediate family, but also their children and the community as a whole.Applying the Conflict TheoryThe basis of this theory is that conflict theorists assume that social behavior is best understood in basis of tension between groups over powe r of the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation (Schaefer, 2009). As with the functionalist perspective, conflict theory drags various viewpoints. These include the Marxist view, an African American view, and the feminist view. These views while differing slightly, each embrace the concern with inequality in society, while focusing on social change and the redistribution of resources.The main dynamic of rising educational requirements in the United States has been primarily the expansion of mobility opportunities through the school system, rather than self-directed changes in the structure of employment. It is argued that the effort to build a comprehensive theory of stratification is best advanced by viewing those effects of technological change on educational requirements that are substantiated within the prefatorial context of a conflict theory of stratification (Collins, 1971). An example of this theory put to use is the April, 2001 chance on conducted by Hawaiis educators.Due to an inability of the state government and the union representatives to come to an sense approximately 15,000 school teachers, from kindergarten to university, participated in the strike, effectively bringing Hawaiis education system to a halt. This example while relating to the conflict theory is directly related to the Marxist view. Conflict theorists are provoke in how societys institutionsincluding the family, government, religion, education, and the mediamay help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position (Schaefer, 2009).The individual view from this perspective identifies how people are shaped by power, obsession and authority. Specifically, those universities that are considered to be elite provide their students with enhanced career opportunities. While there are various criteria by which particular colleges and universities can be placed in this academic hierarchy, the most significant one sociologically is their relationship to the class structure of society. This relationship is understood in terms of the social and frugal attainments of their graduates. Elite colleges and universities, therefore, are those whose alumni enjoy disproportionate access to high-status occupations, as well as to other forms of scotch and cultural privilege they are gateways to elite membership in society (Farnum, 1997).Applying the Interactionist TheoryThe first cardinal perspectives have dealt with macrosociology or society as a whole. The interactionist perspective looks at portions of society in a microsociological way. This theory can be explained as theorists who take the interactionist perspective generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole (Schaefer, 2009). Some of the selective information compiled by interactionist sociologists studying the educational field include student views/goals in relation to t heir grade point averages, effectiveness of school programs, and effectiveness of educator abilities.As with functionalist and conflict perspectives, the interactionist perspective incorporates additional concepts. These include symbols, nonverbal communication and face-to-face interaction. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the role of language and symbols in the (interpretive) processes of meaning making. Young people are highly social beings deeply engaged in the processes of learning how to act within the subtlety of which they are a part. This cultural learning is both shaped and reflected by their use of language, dress, music and clothing, for example (Domine, 2007). Within the education system, interactionists poll students and teachers alike, in order to determine what effect objects, actions, etc have on the subjects. This military rating enables the sociologists to better understand everyday behaviors and relate them into quantitative or qualitative data to track social patterns. Societys ViewsRegardless of your favored perspective, each of these views offers pros and cons, dependent on your topic of study. In the educational realm, the functionalist, conflict and interactionist views provide the sociologist a means to determining their ends. Whatever the purpose of sociologists work, their research will endlessly be guided by their hypothetical viewpoints. For example, sociologist Elijah Anderson embraces both the interactionist perspective and the groundbreaking work of W.E.B. DuBois (Schaefer, 2009). The works of these individuals and interminable others have helped to define and more importantly to understand the how and why educational systems operate the way they do and how they can be improved.ConclusionThree distinct theoretical perspectives have been discussed throughout this paper. The overall emotional state to take away from the research conducted here is that regardless of the favored view, practitioners must maintain an open judg ment and be able to incorporate portions or be able to integrate separate perspectives into their work. When considering or examining the education field, the functionalist, conflict and interactionist views all lend themselves to providing quality feedback on the snapshot in time taken by the researcher, regardless of topic. This can come in the form of determining the effects of school lunches on the productiveness of students to the quality of programs in relation to independent funding received by an institution. A sociologists theoretical orientation influences his or her approach to a research problem in important waysincluding the choice of what to study, how to study it, and what questions to pose (Schaefer, 2009).

Software Licensing Over Software Piracy

In 1993 worldwide immoral copying of home(prenominal) and international ready reckoner parcel program package cost $12. 5 million to the bundle package industry, with a loss of $2. 2 billion in the coupled States alone. Estimates show that everywhere 40 percent of U. S. package company tax tax revenues atomic rate 18 generated overseas, except nearly 85 percent of the softw ar industrys plagiarization losses occurred bulgeside of the United States borders. The computer software arranging Publishers acquaintance indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illeg on the wholey, which 30 percent of the plagiarization occurs in corporate settings.In a corporate etting or business, every computer must agree its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a atomic number 53 set of original software and then load that software onto m ore than than one computer, or l block off, copy or distribute software for any reason without the preceding writ ecstasy consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset way and be at their brasss.Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software diffusion Information can qualify to be property in two ways patent objurgate and right of first publication laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the presidency to prosecute the un countenance copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other(a) theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and closely jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a flip-flop-secret toters rights in the secret.The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but comm o nly when have the very(prenominal) elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be utilise by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret indep leftoverently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression.The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the irresponsible Court intractable that a balmy roll white plagued in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music beca social occasion the roll was part of a mechanical evice. Since a computer program is textual, standardised a book, yet in like manner mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the right of first publication Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural mis sionary station on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the finis of copyright protection for computer programs.CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should flourish beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property antifertility mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer software product Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs.Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the usancers right to make a single ackup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a glaring form (written somewhere i. e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. on that pointfore, it is not necessity that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted.With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to menstruation that person by an injunction and to give you amages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act Public Law 101-650) was approved by Congress in 1990, this Act prohibits the money fashioning(prenominal) rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. An amendment to T itle 18 to the United States Code was passed by Congress in 1992.This amendment. Known as Public Law 102-561 made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal penalties for copyright infringement of software. The penalties can include imprisonment of up to five years, ines up to $250,000 or both for unauthorized reproduction or distribution of 10 or more copies of software with a total retail chthonic United States law duplicating software for profit, making multiple copies for map by several(predicate) substance abusers within an makeup, and giving an unauthorized copy to someone else is prohibited.Under this law if anyone is caught with the pirated software, an individual or the individuals company can be tried under both courtly and criminal law. A Civil action may be established for injunction, actual damages (which includes the infringer=s profits) or statutory damages up to $100,000 per infringement. The criminal penalties for copyright infringement can re sult in fines up to $250,000 and a jail term up to five years for the first offense and ten years for a second offense or both.When software is counterfeit or copied, the software developer loses their revenue and the whole software industry impressions the effect of piracy. All software developers spend a lot of clock and money in developing software for public use. A portion of every dollar worn-out(a) in purchasing original software is funneled back into research and ripening of late software.Software piracy can be set up in three forms software counterfeiting, which is he illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted software in a form that is designed to make it appear to be a legitimate program Hard disk loading, whereby computer dealers load unauthorized copies of software onto the gravely disks of ad hominem computers, which acts as an incentive for the end user to buy the hardware from that particular dealer and downloading of copyrighted software to users connected by modem to electronic bulletin boards and/or the Internet.When software is pirated the consumer pays for that cost by new software and/or fire version being very expensive. Federal appellate courts in the U. S. have determined that operating organizations, object code and software cotained in ROMs are protected by copyright, and some write down federal courts have also determined that microcode (the instructions set on microprocessor chips), and the look and feel of computer screens is subject to copyright protection.Which leads to the problems of the widespread development of multimedia applications that has brought out major problems in clarification copyright for excellent elements of text, The United States Government has been an active participant in protecting the rights of the software industry. When the dividing line Software Alliance (BSA) conducts a raid, Federal Marshals or local law enforcement officials participate also. An organization known as the Software Publ ishers Association (resort hotel) is the principal trade association of the PC software industry.SPA works closely with the FBI and has also an written enforcement manual for the FBI to help them investigate pirate bulletin board systems and organizations (audits). With the help of the FBI, the result of enforcement actions resulted in recoveries from anti-piracy actions totaling $16 million The Software Publishers Association (SPA) funds a educational rogram to inform individuals and corporations about software use and the law. This program provides all PC users with the tools guideed to comply with copyright law and become software legal.The SPA also publishes brochures free of charge about the legal use of software for individuals and businesses. Also available to help corporations understand the copyright law is a 12-minute videotape, which is composed of the most parkly asked questions and answers to them. The video tape is available in French and Spanish and all together ove r 35,000 copies of the tape had been sold. SPA has also compiled a free Self-Audit Kit with which organizations can examine their software use practices.Included in the kit, is a software inventory management program designed to help an organization track their commercial software programs that are on all hard disks. The program searches PC hard disks for more than 1300 of the most common programs utilise in Also available is the SPA Software commission Guide which helps companies audit their current software policies, educate employees about the legal use of software, and establish procedures to purchase, register, upgrade and backup computing systems. The guide in ddition also provides an Internal Controls Analysis and Questionnaire.The guide also contains all of the SPAs current anti-piracy materials. The U. S. software industry is facing the challenges of more sophisticated network environments, greater competition among software companies along with hardware manufacturers. At this moment more software than ever before is distributed on a high volume, mass marketed basis. There are many pillow slips of software out on the market and change magnitude every day. They range from graphical user interfaces for application programs such as mass-market spreadsheets, to more sophisticated expert foul software sed to design integrated circuits.The use of software plays a more vital role day-by-day in our lives such as embedded software, which is critical to equipment in locations as a doctor=s office or an automotive shop. The instrument and devices found there depend more and more on software, because software provides the flexibility to meet the many different needs to the end user. As our lives our shaped and raise more by technology, there is already a greater demand One of the main concerns of the software industry is how to deal with the issues of Asoftware licensing.More and more customers ant customized software suited for their business or personal need, and expect the software development firms to accommodate to their wishes. The other side of this issue is that software development firms are concerned with unrealized revenue and excess costs in the form of software piracy, unauthorized use, excess discounts and lengthened sales cycles. For the customer and the software development firm, both have high administrative costs in regards to software programs.Software licensing policies were originally a result of software developers need to protect their revenue base in the face of otential piracy. Product delivery for software is made up of a number of different components, which are referred to as software licensing. The following factors are taken into consideration when determining a cost for a software authorize physical delivery pricing, metric discounts, license periods support and maintenance, license management Tech support, change in use bug fixes and Platform Migration Product enhancements.The most commonly found typ e of software license found in business is known as a, Network license. There are four types of categories that are classified as a network Concurrent use licenses authorized a specified number of users to access and execute licensed software at any time. state of affairs licenses authorize use at a single site, but are slowly being phased out and replaced by enterprise licenses. Enterprise licenses cover all sites within a corporation because of more realistic computing environments.Node licenses are also slowly being phased out because they are mainly employ in a client/server environment, since the licensed software may be used only on a specified workstation in which a user must log on to in order to access and execute the software application. Currently the rend in a network system is to use measurement software, which allows vendors to be more flexible in licensing arrangements. This management software monitors and restricts the number of users or clients who may access an d execute the application software at any one time.This is significant because a user pays only for needed use and a vendor can monitor such use to protect intellectual property. A new type of license that is emerging is known as a, currency-based license. This type of license work on the basis that it provides to the end user a specified dollar nitty-gritty of software licenses. For example, licenses or different business application software, so long as the total mensurate in use at a given time is less than dollars.Another type of license emerging is known as a platform-independent licensing, which one license permits software to be used on a variety of different computer systems within a business, instead of buying a different license for each version of the same software used by different systems. The most common type of licensing is known as Shrink-wrap, the concept behind this that the licenses terms are deemed accepted once the end user breaks a shrink-wrap seal or opens a sealed envelope ontaining the software.A reason for these new types of licensing emerging is that when software licensing was first introduced, the software development firms assumed that most businesses would use the software for a 8 to 10 hour period. Yet, did not take into consideration that with the advancement of technology, more businesses would want a floating license across the world for 24 hours thus it was not cost effective for the software development firm. A floating license is a license that is made available to anyone on a network. The licenses are not locked to particular workstations, nstead they Afloat to modes on the network.Shareware, freeware and public domain are different type of software available to the end user, and are distinguished by different rules about how programs may be distributed, copied, used and modified. The term shareware refers to software that is distributed at a low cost, but which requires usually a payment later a certain time period an d registration for full use. Copies of this software are offered on a trial basis, the end user is free to try a scaled down version of the program. If the end user wants the shareware program, ncluded in the program is information specifying how to register the program and what fee is required.Once registered the end user will typically receive a printed manual, an updated copy of the software (often with additional features), and the legal right to use the program in their home or business. The advantage that shareware has is that it lets the end user thoroughly test a program to see if it=s useful before making a purchase. The authors of shareware programs retain their copyright on the contents, and as other copyrighted Freeware is also distributed at a very low cost and like hareware is found mainly on the Internet.The authors of the freeware program do not expect payment for their software. Typically, freeware programs are small utilities or incomplete programs that are release d by authors for the potential benefit to others, but the drawback to this is that there is no technical support. Public domain software is generally found on the Internet and is released without any condition upon its use. It may be copied, modified and distributed as the end user wishes to do. A license manager is a system utility-like application that controls or monitors the use of another end-user pplication.It is generally implemented to protect intellectual property (meaning to cube illegal copying) and/or to become more competitive by offering new ways in which to evaluate, purchase and pay for software. Since the license manager controls the number of application users, there is not a need to control the number of application copies. This process lets the end user run one or more applications between machines, without violating the terms of the SPA has created a program that companies can use to help discover and represent problems before they result in legal actions, fin es and also negative publicity.