Competition Bike Incs Essay Example for Free

aspiration Bike Incs EssayHorizontal analysis comp ars a ships companys finishance from year to year. I will be check outing Competition Bikes Inc(CBI) balance sheets and income debates. During CBI year 6, 7 and 8 I fuddle found their crystalise income gross sales , cost of goods to be fluctuating, and few various other circumstances. The force out sales from year 6 to 7 add 33.34 %. The cost of goods from year 6 to 7 was 31.82 %. The gross attain ontogenesis 30.89. Comparing year 6 and 7 I found that year 7 improved, but when I comp ared year 7 to 8 the results were not good for year 8. The company had experienced a 15 percentage reduction in lowest sales. Cost of goods passs 14.8 % from year 7 to 8.Advertising ExpensesCBI advertising expenses accession by 37.5 % from year 6 to 7. CBI made a great investment from year 6 to 7 because the net sales increase at a higher rate the increased advertising cost. CBI reduced their advertising expenses by 16.3 % from ye ar 7 to 8. I believed this was extend to because of the fragile economy. Many companies are trying to make cuts back during a weak economy. These reduces expenses will hold them over until the economy becomes stronger.Website/SalesThe website creation and maintenance expenses during year 6, 7 and 8 stayed the same footing. Sales commission increase 33.371 % during year 7 from the foregoing year. Sales commission pass by 15 % the following year (8).Distribution Net computeThe Distribution network expenses had a positive increased in year 7 by33.3 % jump from the previous year. Distribution expenses are normally supposed to economise similar numbers, but when you have an increase in sales it is accept up to(p) to increase the distribution expenses. Distribution network expenses decreased 15 percent in year 8. This was caused suck upible to less(prenominal) revenue.TransportationCBI had 33% transportation increase from year 6 to 7. This was caused CBI had to a greater extent p roducts sell and required more products to be shipped. CBI saw 15 % transportation decrease from year 7 to 8. CBI had less products sold and this caused transportation to decrease in year 8. Administrative Expenses from year 6 to 7 saw 21.43% increase. Administrative Expenses maintain the same expenses from year 7 to 8. Executive expenses increased 29.42 % from year 6 to 7. Year 7 and 8 maintain the same level of expenses.Employment taxes blush by 25.81 % increase from year 6 to 7. Year 7 and 8 maintain the same level of employment of expenses. Administrative expenses are expected due to company having increase production and sales. Utilities expenses rose 3.84 % from year 6 to 7. CBI operation worked proficiently in year 7, and this helped them experienced only an increase of 3.8% in utilities. This was caused due to increase production. CBI utilities increased by 11.11 during year 8. I would call down CBI have their utilities monitor from day to day to see how they can prevent a n increase in expenses when the company is not performing well compared to the previous year.ResearchCBI saw research and development saw a 37.5 % percent increase from year 6 to 7.During year eight CBI reduces their research and development expenses by 16.3 %. A company should never reduces their research and development if they company perform well in the previous year. I believe this was one of the reasons why CBI had a great year during 7 because they knew what consumers wanted. Due to lack of sp shoemakers lasting on research and development this caused their sales to drop. Research and development is an important component of competition against other companies without a company will fail to succeed.Interest IncomeCBI interest income rose 38.1% from year 6 to 7. During year 7 CBI income was properly invested. During year 8 CBI investments had a 3.4% reduction. The reduction was small, but small things do add up over condemnation. I would suggest CBI to monitor their investmen ts and make plans to move around their money if the current trend continues.Balances sheetsCBI accounts receivable rose 164.3% from year 6 to 7. During year 8 CBI accounts receivable drop 15 percent. CBI should monitor accounts receivable more closely to make original past due balances are paid on time. This was caused due to the company noticing a large increase on accounts receivable during year 7 and they tried to capitalize on it. This caused their accounts receivable to drop.Raw MaterialsCBI manages their raw stuff and nonsenses well during year 7. CBI had 3.1% percent reduction in year 8. CBI should incorporate lean production method and Just in time production to avoid wasteful spending and production.LiabilitiesCBI liabilities increase 1.2% from year 6 to 7. This is expected due to year having 7 having an increase in sales and productions. CBI reduces their liabilities by 3.1% from year 7 to 8. This is good because CBI had a 15 percent reduction in net sales.Vertical analy sisA method of fiscal statement analysis in which from each one entry for each of the three major categories of accounts (assets, liabilities and equities) in a balance sheet is represented as a proportion of the total account. The main advantages of vertical analysis are that the balance sheets of businesses of all sizes can easily be compared. It also makes it easy to see relative annual changes within one business(Investopedia,2013).IncomeYear 7 net sales were 7% higher than year 6.CBI preserved their selling expenses at 6.7% of total Net Sales. CBI reduced General Admin Expenses from 17.1% during year 6 to 15.5% during year 7.This would ace to an increase in Operating Income from 2.8% of Net Sales from year 6 to 5.3% in year 7 and CBI Net Earnings would increase from 1.1% (year 6) to 3.3% (year7). CBI did not perform well in year 8 because their expenses increase during year 8. This caused CBI net make waterings to reduce.. CBI Administrative expenses increased 15.5% from ye ar 6 to 7. CBI net sales increase 18.4% from year 7 to 8. CBI operating expenses income was reduce 5.3%of net sales to 1.9 % causing CBI net earnings from 3.3% to a .7%.I would suggest CBI to monitor their general and Admin expenses. majority of expenses stayed the same during year 6,7 and 8. However during year 8 the CBI did not perform well. I believed CBI needs to find ways to reduces expenses when the company is having a low sales volume. CBI should incorporate fair in time principles and lean manufacturing principles. I believe this would help reduce wasted production and this would help reduce utilities expenses. Just in time principles and lean manufacturing principles could also reduce employee expenses.ASSESTSCBI in the cash and cash equivalent accounts drop from 6.2 % in year 6 to 2.7%. However, during year 7 more products were sold compared to year 6. CBI accounts receivable had a major increase from year 6(6.5%) to year 7(16.6%).CBI needs to monitor their accounts rece ivable accounts more closely and make sure theyre collecting the amount owed to them. During year 8 CBI cash and cash equivalents had risen from 2.7 %( year 7) to 10.3%(year 8). The reason why this happen was due to CBI had started to monitor their accounts receivable. This helped them collect the money they were owed on past due accounts. I would recommend CBI to avoid making purchase on accounts and find ways to use the cash in a more efficient way. CBI should realize it important they have enough reserves during a recession. This will help hold them over until the economy bounces back. course of instruction Analysis is the practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern, or trend, in the information (Wikipedia,2012).CBI sales were lower than year 7, but they still were able to make a profit. CBI should expect to see growth in the next few years establish on their current trend. CBI is expected to have 3,510 units sold in year 9. CBI will have 3,660 units sold in year 10. Finally during year 11,CBI will sell 3,800 units. The forecast numbers are based on the economy recovering. This will encourages CBI sponsors to invest in professional riders and this will increase new bike sales. Currently is cost CBI 1,047.50 to make each product. I would recommend CBI find suppliers who have the same quality parts, but at a lower cost. I would also make recommend CBI is following just in time and lean manufacturing principles. This could help CBI increase their profit margin.Ratio analysis- analyzes numbersRatio analysis is a method used by businesses to respect their fiscal situation by comparing two sets of linked data. Current ratio will measure a companys ability to yield forgetful-term obligations. CBI had a reduction from year 7 (5.9%) to 8(5.35%). Two wheel racing (TWR) current ratio was 4.2% for year 7 and 8. A debt ratio will determine if a business is able to handle any unexpected liabilities it that may come up. A business needs to make sure they enough money to remuneration off debt to avoid problems with their debt. During year 7 CBI debt ratio was 46.8%. The follow year the debt ratio was 46%. The debt ratio only drops .08 percent during year 8. TWR debt ratio was 38% in year 7 and 8. An acid test ratio will determine if a company can back their liabilities. CBI is doing better than (TWR) by 1.12% and .85%. stock-taking turnover- determines the number of times a company can sell it average level of size up throughout the year. CBI bicycles are customizes for customers so I am uneffective to compared CBI and TWR. Average collection period, This determines how well a company is able to collect money to the customers they extended credit to.CBI has higher collected amount compared to TWR. CBI was 11.3% higher in year 7 and 8. Gross Profit Margin, will tell investors how much revnue was gain after selling the product(Cost of Good-revenue/gross profit. TWR profit margin is 32.10% higher than CBI profit margin in y ear 7(27.4%) and 8(27.0%). TWR is operating more effectively.Operating profit margin Measures management efficiency (Operating income/total sales). CBI year 7 was 5.3% and TWR was 5.2%. Year 8 TWR performed better with 5.3% compared to CBI(1.9%). Net Profit Margin show investors the percentage of each sale dollar earn as net income. During year 7 CBI net profits was 3.3% and in year 8 it was .8%.TWR was 5.14% year 7 and 8. The portion of a companys profit allocated to each outstanding ploughshare of common stock. Earnings per share serves as an indicator of a companys profitability(Investopedia,2013).TWR was $.08 for year 7 and 8. CBI was $.20 during year 7 and $.04 in year 8.Return on total assets-determine how successful a company is to earn profit with their assets. TWR total assets was 4.8% for year 7 and 8. CBI was 4.5% in year 7 and year 8 was .8%.Return on Common Equity- Income between net income and stockholder equity. During year 7 CBI equity was 8.5% AND TWR was 8.1%. CBI equity in year 8 was 1.5% and TWR was 8.1% Price / Earnings Ratio- Stock prices and company earning. CBI earning share 49.67 and TWR was 29. During year CBI price jump to 83.73 and TWR was still 29. Times Interest Earned Determines the numbers of times operating income can pay interest expense. Year 7 interest earn was 5.27 and TWR was 4.24. During year 8 CBI interest earn drop to 1.77 and TWR remained 4.24.Working capital is a financial metric(current assets minus company liabilities) which represents operating liquidity available to a business, organization or other entity, including governmental entity(Wikipedia,2013). The financial metric system will analyzes if a company will be able to pay their short term liabilities or do they need to take an alternative solution. CBI working capital in year 6 was $382,394 CBI working capital at the end of year was 1,306,617. CBI increased their working capital by 70.7% at the end of year 8. After reviewing CBI working capital the results i ndicated they will be able to pay their short term liabilitiesRecommendationI would recommend CBI to have their accounts executives to build a better relationship with customers and make sure theyre satisfied with the work they are receiving. One of the most important things a company can do is listen to their employees. I would also recommend CBI to reduce their accounts receivables. This could be done by making sure that larger orders from customer are sent out faster. CBI parentage cost increase over 24% from year 6 to year 8.CBI should follow the just in time and lean manufacturing principles. This will reduces inventory cost for CBI. CBI transportation expenses are one of their highest expenses. I would recommend CBI to construe to purchasing their own delivery truck and see if this will help them reduce their transportation expense.Internal restrictsInternal misrepresents helps a company infrastructure meld smoothly. Internal controls also help protect and prevent fraud. Internal control will try to remove the temptations for employee to act unethically in the aspect of putting the company at risk of lawsuit.CBI purchase department (PD) will purchases orders from suppliers based on their monthly budget. Once the order has been received the PD will value bids from different suppliers. Once the order has been received theyre given to the production line. The invoice will be sent to the PD. If there are any supplies left over(p) they will be sent to raw materials. The PD will then send an account statement department who issues a check to the supplier.RecommendationI would recommend the whole entire processed be revamped. The first thing I would recommended is to separate the duties of researching the bid and purchasing orders. The next thing I would suggest is to make the receiving department in charge of verifying the shipping when the packages arrive. The receiving department needs to verify every item is there from the supplier and their no mis sing item from the delivery. The receiving department should maintain an inventory control system. After the receiving department has approved the invoice, they should forward to the purchasing department. The purchase order will be forward to the accounting department for payment. Accounting has currently been only receiving unverified invoices.RiskAccounting has currently been only receiving unverified invoices. The lack of verification could cause CBI to get doubling charge for item they already paid for. Currently their lack of inventory control system. Currently unused supplies are being sent to raw material without anyway of tracking it. This would make it easy for employees to steal because lack of inventory control system.RecommendationI would suggest an inventory control system be implemented. I would make sure all packages received by receiving department be verified by management to avoid being double charge. The inventory control system will help prevent theft from empl oyees. I would also hire outside degraded every quarter to check inventory levels to make sure no one is stealing from the company.Sarbanes-Oxley ActSarbanes-Oxley Act is government regulation that congress pass in order to improve financial disclosures. This would help prevent accounting fraud and improve financial disclosures from corporations(Wikpedia,2013).Section 302 A mandate that requires senior management to certify the accuracy of the reported financial statement Section 404 A requirement that management and auditors establish internal controls and reporting methods on the adequacy of those controls. Section 404 had very costly implications for publicly traded companies as it is expensive to establish and maintain the required internal controls (Investopedia,2013).CBI does not mention that they were audited by outside firm. I highly recommend CBI to hire auditing firm to review the companys annual statement before releasing the numbers to the public to make sure there is n o accounting errors. Internal controls are implemented and effective at the end of year 8(Dec 31). The CEO, and CFO certification is need because it is required by SOX and this could not be located. Auditor releases the following statement to shareholders. A material weakness is a control deficiency, or a combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the companys annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basisRecommendationsCBI needs to make sure they are in compliance with the regulations set forth by Sarbanes-Oxley CB. The first thing I would recommend is to conduct a internal control assessment. The next thing I would recommend CBI to hire accounting firm to review their internal controls. The control needs to be based on Sox guidelines. The CEO and CFO needs to certify theyre aware of the CBI internal control and the action s the company have taken to protect investors investments. It is very vital CBI CEO and CFO certifies theyre aware of internal control because Sarbanes-Oxley requires this to be done.Since the accounting firm made assessment that the internal control is effective their might be some problems that could arise from the following statement, A material weakness is a control deficiency, or a combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the companys annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. I would recommend the CEO or CFO to take action fix the internal control problem because they could face jail time for making statements that were not true. . CBI should base their guidelines set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tread Way Commission(CSOTWO). CSOTWO is joint inivate five private sector organizations d evoted to providing lead through progress and guidance on enterprise risk management, internal control and fraud dictation. This is a great way for CBI to improve the internal control process.ReferencesFree Dictionary(2013) http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sarbanes-Oxley+Act+of+2002 Investopedia(2013) http//www.investopedia.com/terms/h/horizontalanalysis.aspaxzz2Hh4rgfuE True Bussiness(2013) http//truetobusiness.com/finance/ratio-analysis Wikipedia(2013) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_control

Moscow Dynamo Football Essay Example for Free

Moscow Dynamo Football EssayMany people would argue that manoeuvre helps bring people together and helps bruise divisions of race, nationality, class and religion. The Soviets drew upon this ideal in 1984 when they called the Moscow games, the friendship games. As well as bringing people together, sport can just as easily airlift semipolitical consciousness and force people apart. The collective passion for Barcelona F.C is interlocked with politics, as is the connection between sport and nationalism in Wales, Scotland, and northern Ireland. Supporting this view, George Orwell comments on the visit of the Moscow Dynamo Football team to Britain in 1945, sport is an unfailing ca economic consumption of ill-will andif such a visit has had any carry on on Anglo-Soviet relations, it could still be to make them slightly worse than before. (Atyeo, 1979, P.372)Governments have been known to use major sporting events to hear and divert the attention of the pack away from certai n political and social problems that country might be encountering as well as trying to improve their national image. For example, in the guild months leading up to the Moscow Olympics, drunks, hooligans and dissidents were rounded up and headed out of Moscow to try to prevent any sort of dissent, which could mar their public relations.Certain groups use the prominence of sport, which has been increased in recent years thanks to sport becoming a global television spectacle, to make a political point. In most cases, the choice of sport to make the political point is arbitrary, as it is the prominence of the sport in the public eye which is the critical factor. The 1972 Munich Olympics saw the cleanup of 10 Israeli athletes by eight armed Palestinian gunman, and the 1968 Mexico Olympics saw a protest by the student movement about the cost of hosting the games, which was a huge financial burden on the poor country, result in the army opening fire on the demonstration, killing 260 and injuring 1,000.Although politics does not only cite sport when dissidents intervene. There be a number of groups and individuals that have used sport and its prominent position in the public eye to raise political consciousness about what may be happening in that country. For example, the 2003 cricket world cup saw the wearing of a black armband by two of Zimbabwes players in protest against the Mugabe regime. The two players, Henry Olonga, the first black man to play for his country, and Andy Flower, in most cricket fans opinion, Zimbabwes greatest ever player, were more or less universally praised for their dignified statement about the human rights abuses in their homeland. Ian Chappell, former captain of Australias cricket team and one of the many who applaud Flower and Olonga for their run stance commented that you realise when you go through life that there are occasions when you have a louder voice. If theres something youre moved about, thats the time to speak out for th ose who do not have a louder voice.The World Cup also saw the boycott by England of their opening forgather in the competition against Zimbabwe, for which they first cited moral, political and security concerns, then changed it to concerns about player safety as the reason for boycotting the game. A termination they might have latter regretted as the points gained for winning that meet would have taken them into the super-six stage of the competition and maybe further. Theyre many people who believe that England made the right decision in boycotting this match, but there are also people who did not. David Coltart, who believes that politics has no place in sport, puts forward some arguments for going ahead with the match. He comments, paradoxically, holding the matches in Zimbabwe opens up a tiny piece of democratic space for those fighting tyranny. He also notes if no further matches take place (in Zimbabwe), there will be no further reason for the regime to behave better.Kate H oey, writing for Sky larks online, who disagreed with Coltart, argues that the match shouldnt have been played because the message that will be sent out world-wide is that Zimbabwe is a normal functioning country, which is patently untrue. She feels sport and politics must unite against the Mugabe regime and thus the England team needed to pull out of the match to raise worldwide awareness about the human rights abuses dictator Mugabe is undergoing. This view coincides with Ian Chappells view about the need to speak out for those without a louder voice.It is not only the players who sometimes feel the need to tackle political issues, the broad fact is that sports bodies on occasion have to confront inter-state political issues. (Allison, 1983, P.33) This was no more straightforward when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) excluded South Africa from the Olympic movement, not because of governmental pressure, but because the social and economic system in South Africa does not drop out sport to be practiced there in accordance with the IOCs own rules as laid down in the Olympic Charter. The Welsh Hockey associations decision to not send a team to Argentina in 1985 because of the ill feeling that could still have been left over after the Falklands War is another(prenominal) example of a sporting body taking into account political situations before making a decision.There are so many examples of sport being influenced by politics over the years and so much theoretical evidence linking the two to say sport can remain unmoved(p) by politics and politicians. Whether or not sport should remain uninfluenced by politics is of much wider debate. Events in Zimbabwe have highlighted many peoples opinions that sport and everyone complicated in it has a responsibility to make sure important political issues such as the Mugabe regime are not ignored and that something is done to try and resolve them. But whatever view you may have on whether it is right for sport t o get involved with politics, it becomes apparent that sport and politics cannot be mutually isolated (Allison. 1983, P.29) however much the sports enthusiast would wish them to be.BibliographyBooksAllison,L. The Politics of Sport, (Manchester University Press, 1983)Whannel, G. Blowing the Whistle The Politics of Sport, (Pluto, 1986)Houlihan, B. The Government and Politics of Sport, ( Routledge, 1991)Lapchick, R, E. The Politics and Race of International Sport, (Greenwood Press, 1975)Voy, R. Drugs, Sport and Politics, (Leisure Press, 1991)Atyeo, D. Blood, Guts and Violence, (Paddington Press, 1979)

General Structure of Electrical Power System

General Structure of Electrical Power SystemIntroduction to Power timesThe superior voltage electric infection is the pile depute of galvanising zip, from generating power plants to substations. This is from the local wiring between high voltage substations and customers are referred to as electricity distribution. Transmission railroad lines, when interconnected with each some other, become high voltage transmission networks. Transmission lines mostly use three phase alternate menses (AC), although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems. High-voltage direct legitimate (HVDC) technology is used only for very long distances undersea cables. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages to sl ratiocinationerise the energy lost in long distance transmission. Power is usually transmitted through everywherehead power lines. Underground power transmission has a very high cost and greater operational limitations. The main problem in the Power distri bution is that electrical energy squeeze outnot be stored so it is generated base on the necessity. A control system is required to ensure electric power generations match the involve. Power generating plant low voltage is produced. The reference oddment voltage is then stepped up by the power station transformer to a higher voltage for transmission over long distances.Power Losses infection electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost due to resistance. For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the resistive losses in the conductor. At extremely high voltages, conductor and ground, corona discharge losses are so large that they can offset the disappoint resistance loss in the line conductors. Transmission and distribution losses are generally below 10%. In general, losses are estimated from the discrepancy between energy produce and energy sold to end customers the difference between what is produced and what is consumed c onstitute transmission and distribution losses. In an alternating current circuit, the inductance and content of the phase conductors can be significant. The currents that flow in these components of the circuit impedance constitute reactive power, which transmits no energy to the load. activated current causes extra losses in the transmission circuit. The ratio of real power (transmitted to the load) to apparent power is the power factor. As reactive current increases, the reactive power increases and the power factor decreases. For systems with low power factors, losses are higher than for systems with high power factors. At the substations, transformers reduce the voltage to a lower level for distribution to commercial and residential users. This distribution is accomplished with a combination of sub-transmission (33 kV to 132 kV) and distribution (3.3 to 25 kV). Finally, at the point of use, the energy is alter to a low voltage.Power Load balancingThe transmission system pro vides for base load and treetop load capability, with safety and fault tolerance margins. The peak load times vary by region largely due to the industry. Power requirements vary by the season and the time of day. Distribution system designs eer take the base load and the peak load into consideration. The transmission system usually does not have a large buffering capability to match the wads with the generation. Thus generation has to be kept matched to the load that prevents cloging failures of the generation equipment. Multiple sources and loads can be connected to the transmission system and they must be controlled to provide orderly transfer of power. In centralized power generation local control of generation involves synchronization of the generation units to prevent large transients and overload conditions.In distributed power generation the generators are geographically distributed and the process to bring them online and offline must be carefully controlled. The load co ntrol signals can either be sent on separate lines or on the power lines. To load balance the voltage and frequency can be used as a signaling mechanism. In voltage signaling, the variation of voltage is used to increase generation. The power added by any system increases as the line voltage decreases. voltage based regulation is complex to use in mesh networks, since the individual components and set points would need to be reconfigured every time a new generator is added to the mesh. In frequency signaling, the generating units match the frequency of the power transmission system. In droop speed control, if the frequency decreases, the power is increased. Wind turbines and other distributed storage and generation systems can be connected to the power grid, and interact with it to improve system operation.5.2 Power generation and distribution through overhead lines with single line diagramElectrical power system deals with the technology of generation, transmission and distributi on of electrical energy. An electric power system consists of different subsystem are explained as followsI. Generation subsystemThe innovation from one source to electrical energy through the process of electromagnetic conversion. This system consists of group of generation systems. Power system comes into existence with the growing demand of electrical energy. Power generations are classified as Hydraulic, nuclear power, fossil fuel and non-conventional power, solar power.II. Transmission subsystemThe overhead transmission network transfers electrical energy from generating stations located at long distance to the distribution system. The Transformer and transmission line subsystems are designed in such way to transmit bulk power for consumption at the load line. The step-up transformers are used in various range of step-up voltage based on the requirements. A transmission voltage varies between 66 kV to 440KV in India.III. Sub-transmission systemThe sub-transmission network is t he portion of transmission system connected to the high voltage substations using transformers.IV. Distribution subsystemBy this process energy is connected to different distribution subsystem to a place a main transmission subsystem. A distribution subsystem consists of over headlines and underground cables. The distribution of power system is generally in two levels feeder or primary voltage at 11kV and secondary/consumer voltage at 415 Volt for three-phase and 230 Volt for single phase supply for house hold application. Each individual customer is connected to the secondary circuit through religious service leads and a meter. Distribution system is classified as Radial distribution system, loop distribution system and network distribution system. From the main switch electrical energy is distributed to the various points using distribution board system and tree system.V. Control subsystemThis subsystem is formed by relays, switch and other control elements to protect other subs ystems to protect faults and overloads to ensure efficient, reliable and economic operation of electric power system.Figure 6.1 Block diagram of single line power system intensify and step down Transformers are used in all subsystems. At the sending end from generator step up Transformers are used and the receiving end step-down Transformers are used. Power and distribution Transformers are used in power line system depending upon the power handling capacity.EarthingThe earthling of electrical installation is undertaken for the following reasons.To avoid shocks to a living body.To ensure the potential with respect to the earth of any current carrying conductor does not rise in a higher place its designed level.To provide safety to operating personalTo avoid fire hazard due to leakage current.Representation of the transmission lineA transmission line has series resistance, series inductive reactance, shunt capacitance and leakage resistance which are distributed evenly along its len gth. Except for long lines, the total resistance, inductance, capacitance and leakage resistance of the line can be concentrated to give a lumped-constant circuit which simplifies calculation. The particular lumped-constant circuit used depends on the length of the line and the required accuracy of the calculations. For the purpose of this introduction to power system calculations, we will consider a representation which is accurate for short transmission lines up to about 80 km in length. For this length of line, the shunt capacitance and leakage resistance can be ignored. It should be noted that this assumption is not validated for unloaded lines when the shunt capacitance dominates.Power system analysis is required for a large number of different purposesSystem design and control to exert consumer voltage at statuary levels as affected by conductor sizing and transformer tap charger position.Fault calculations to ensure that the maximum fault current can be interrupted by circ uit breakers or fuses and that large fault currents cause the minimum of damage to the power system.Design of security measure systems to ensure faulty circuits are switched off rapidly (

Sustainability In Julius Berger Nig Plc Construction Essay

Sustainability In Julius Berger Nig Plc Construction Essay soundly-be view asd engineering has moulded a vital role in human developing. It has also deepen the case of live of people today, through the provision of basic body of water supply, pollution control, transportation, industrial/commercial, urban substructure. Each of these engineering work has make spirit more comfortable, convenient, accessible, healthy and longer not only for the local population (Nigerians), but for all. The Canadian friendship for urbane engineering science ( 2007a).A Nigerian polished engineering company, which was a subsidiary of Bilfinger Berger AG, called Julius Berger Nigeria Limited was incorporated in 1970. The company became listed in the Nigerian stock ex tack as Julius Berger Nigeria PLc, to carry out interlinking and diverse engineering projects in Nigeria. One of which is the Eko bridge constructed in 1965. Others complicate Buildings, offices, residential facilities, functiona l buildings, sports/recreational facilities, plait of roads, bridges, railways, airports, dams and water supply, plants and factories. Julius- Berger( 2010). The company has modernised such(prenominal) of the transportation infrastructure in Nigeria since 1970 and is responsible for the design and look of the new Nigerian capital at Abuja. ide-Jetro ( 2010).It must be vehemenceed that the same infrastructure demonstrable in the country, and the economies and standard of living these enormous facilities support, is contributing to environmental degradation due to the size and get over of its effects on the environment. thither be clear and unambiguous signs that show that the human population is now impacting negatively to the global environment, thus threatening our manner support systems .The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007b).SUSTAINABILITY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT (JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLC)In defining sustainability from the perspective of Julius Berger Nig eria PLc. it is pertinent to understand that it is not as unprovoked as the text book interpretation of sustainability which lays emphasis on the future. A sustainable society is defined to be awargon of the needs of future generations and is farseeing enough. New Civil Engineering (2010a). However, consort to them, in the real world to the eminentest degree societies ar not run that way. This is beca design politicians are more interested in how a project performs during their tenure in office than the unscathed liveliness cycle of the project. This is the reason why projects fail to be sustainable. The only reason why a newly constructed bridge collapsed in India just before the commencement of the 2010 commonwealth games, or why the water system stopped working and needs urgent maintenance. According to New Civil Engineering (2010b) that cited a report from the Ameri sack Society of Civil Engineers 2 (ASCE), twenty seven percent of six hundred thousand bridges in the US a re structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. This is the case also in Nigeria. Where there are so many unsustainable projects. Nigerian cities are witnessing high rates of environmental deterioration and are rated among urban areas with the lowest livibility index in the world Adedeji and Eziyi ( 2010a).The fact is that these old systems are subjected to the give up of their life time and there are some responsibilities about the maintenance of these infrastructures. New Civil Engineering (2010c). The obvious problem is that government still insists on pickings the old fashi aced path, of assigning absolutely unsustainable projects for the mere fact that they are less pricey options. Sustainable education should be one that meets the needs of the point without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. The Bruntland Report (WCED) (1987). This is the general definition of the concept. The harsh reality is that Nigerian cities are hugely und er developed and unsustainable. This is inspire of the fact that Julius Berger Nigeria Plc is the biggest kink company in the country. Majority of the problem can be traced to a number of factors. These accommodate the colonial antecedent of most Nigerian cities (Ogbazi, 1992 Ikya, 1993) the high rate of urbanization, bad psychological orientation of urban residents on the environment as well as poor environmental heed practices (Meale, 1991 Agukoronye, 2004).Sustainability is improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems IUCN WWF and UNEP (1991). These generally accepted definitions are recognised also at Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, where concern and in fact all the stakeholders are aware of the new concepts on sustainability which according to The Canadian Society for civil engineering ( 2007c)includes the newly sudden issues of climate change, peak oil, sustainable transportation, environmental restoration, ecosystem d isruption, ethics and equity and infrastructural operations and maintenance, as it concerns the look industry. However in practice, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc has not done so very much to implement sustainability. For sustainability to be implemented in the Nigerian built environment, there has to be four distinguished management levels of which the environmental sustainability of the built environment can be influenced. These are the environmental cooperation routines, environmental technology policies, environmental regulations and incentives. Bossink, (ed) (2010). Sustainability at Julius Berger should simply consider the whole life cycle assessment (LSA) of the alternatives when building a project. New Civil Engineering (2010d). In other words the company should first consider the whole life cycle of the product before tress starts. This get out have the least effect on the environment and biodiversity as well as the capitals that have been eluded earlier.Practically accordin g to New Civil Engineering (2010e), this entails a detailed study of the stages of making, using and disposing of the product before choosing on an option. The stages of the product which starts from extraction of the in the buff materials needed for the project to the design of the project, the formulation, specification, processing, manufacturing, assembly, construction, packaging, use, maintenance, refurbishment, reusing, recycling and lastly disposal. What obtains at Julius Berger today is that after the project has been critically analysed and studied to ascertain the cost, in terms of its profitability and affordability. The company would then decide on the reference book of capital for the project. Then after wards the project is assigned to workers for construction.Julius Berger Nigeria Plc concept of sustainability is improving the quality of projects for future generations of Nigerians.ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA AND THE ROLE JULIUS BERGER SHOULD PLAY IN NIGERIA (O n Sustainability)The Nigerian environmental problem has been set to have serious adverse socio economic and ecological implications .These are traceable to factors like high rate of urbanization, poor environmental management etc (Rashid, 1982 NEST, 1991 World Bank, 1992 Anih, 2004). This means that Julius Berger Nigeria Plc is faced with an enormous problem caused by a rapidly growing population. According to Adedeji and Eziyi (2010b), rural urban migration remains one of the major contributors to the ever increasing urban population process in Nigeria. Also in Nigeria, Mba et al (eds) (2004) identified several other types of environmental problems which were sort as ecological, poaching, loss of habitat, increasing desertification and soil erosion. These were further subdivided into pollution, deforestation, global warming and slum development. The coastal regions currently experiencing widespread contamination from petroleum exploration, gas aflame(p) and oil spillage. In t his regard, Julius Berger Nigeria Plc should realise that infrastructural development can no longer be done in a microcosm on a project level a more holistic inclusion of the complex interactions of human society and the environment upon which it depends, is needed. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007d).JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLC AND SUSTAINABILITYJulius Berger Nigeria Plc, should instil the concept of sustainability which is a concept that includes the triple bottom line and a life cycle assessment into the planning, design and operation of civil infrastructure, and in this way promote the development of new technologies and management practices for the use of energy, non renewable resources, and the production of waste materials The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007e).There are several sustainable development issues that affect Civil Engineering practices that should be understood and implemented by Julius Berger, Nigeria Plc to mitigate their ecological i mpact. These include climate change. The potential impact of climate change upon the built environment (civil infrastructure) changes in extreme hydrological and meteorological events, and there should be a growing effort to funk greenhouse gas emissions, as well as adaptation requirements. Already the effect of climate change can be felt in Nigeria Where environmental problems due to oil exploration has inflicted formidable damage on the ecosystem, health and livelihood of the people of the region Adedeji and Eziyi, (2010c). According to the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007f) Julius Berger Nigeria Plc should adopt best practices for eco-efficiency, such as increased energy/water efficiency, the minimization of waste and resource consumption and the employment of clean technologies. Also stated by them, there should be the use of performance based standards and guidelines identifying the outcome required as opposed to a prescriptive path that must be followed to enable designers to achieve improved results.There is also depleting oil and natural gas reserves which have severe consequences (Peak oil). The society and indeed Julius Berger Nigeria Plc must meet certain societal priorities and implement policies these include energy conservation and efficiency, developing alternative renewable sources and strategies to reduce waste. Julius Berger Nigeria Plc should also endorse Green Construction construction that achieves the beneficial objectives of engineering work with the lowest possible consumption of raw materials and energy, both during and after construction. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007g). In this regard every decision taken should site to minimise environmental burdens of climate change, resource depletion, energy depletion, the loss of biodiversity, and human health, genetically modified products and modified environmental vectors.On the issue of sustainable transportation, Julius Berger should clear the use of pede strian amenities, mass transit, and energy conservation in transportation systems. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007h).Effort should also be made by the company to sensitise government about the need for environmental restoration. This entails reconstruction of natural features, and fish habitat in rivers and streams, the control of sediment flood and the removal of dams and tidal barriers. There should also be cleanup and/or redevelopment of contaminated sites. According to (Adedeji and Eziyi, (2010d). A typical example of this can be seen in the issue of end of gas flaring and oil spillages in the Niger Delta region.An area of equal importance to the populace which can eventually bring to an end the restiveness of the youth especially at the Niger delta area is transparency and equity in the provision of basic human services to disadvantaged people, contributing to leanness alleviation, human health and public welfare. Julius Berger Nigeria Plc can contribute to th is by implementing its corporate responsibility to communities. However, so far corporate loving responsibility does not play an important role in Nigeria, and has not been the subject of a wider public discussion. Bertelsmann. (2009). Application of sustainable energy sources to develop linearly distributed social infrastructure is a key enabling factor that give stimulate grass root economic development, stem the prevailing state of crime, access sufficient quantities of clean water, go along acceptable standards of food and goods production, sanitation and health of the citizens of Nigeria Udoma and Arciszewski (2010).Infrastructure operations and maintenance is also vital to guarantee an optimal use of the infrastructure.RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIESSustainable risks /opportunities identification sustainable risks identified at Julius Berger Nigeria Plc includeCost colligate risksTight project schedule, design variations, variations by the client, absurd construction create by m ental act planning, occurrence of dispute, price inflation of construction materials, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, incomplete approval and other documents, incomplete or inaccurate cost estimate and pitiful programme schedule.Time related risksTight project schedule, design variations, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, variations by the client, incomplete approval and other documents, unsuitable construction programme planning, inadequate programme scheduling, bureaucracy of government, high performance or quality expectation, variations of construction programmesQuality related risksTight project schedule, inadequate programme scheduling, unsuitable construction programme planning, incomplete or inaccurate cost estimate, low management competency of subcontractors, high performance or quality expectations, variations of construction programmes, unavailability of sufficient amount of skilled labour, design variations and the deprivation of coordination between project participants.Environment related risksTight project schedule, variations of construction programmes, unavailability of sufficient professionals and managers, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, variations by the client, inadequate or insufficient site information(soil test and survey report), low management competency of subcontractors, high performance or quality expectations, inadequate programme scheduling and serious noise pollution caused by constructionSafety related risksTight project schedule, low management competency of subcontractors, unsuitable construction programme planning, variations of construction programmes, general safety accident occurrence ,high performance or quality expectations, design variations, lack of coordination between projects participants, excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments, unavailability of sufficient amoun t of skilled labour and unavailability of sufficient professionals and managers.Sustainable Risks and Opportunities , Adopted from Zou, P. et al (2010) identifying key risks in construction projects Life cycle and stake holder perspective.SUSTAINABILITY RISKS OF JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLCThe identifiable risks of Julius Berge Nigeria Plc are socioeconomic factors which include environmental protection, public safety regulations, economic instability, and exchange rate fluctuations. Other risks are organisational relationships which deal with contractual relations, attitudes of participants, and communication. There are also technological problems undergo by the company. These include design assumptions, site condition, construction procedures, and construction occupational safety. Civil Engineering Blog (2010a)Environmental Protection contributes to our companys uncertainty. This stems from the companys inability to know what will be required and the time it will take to get approv al from the environmental agency of Nigeria. Requirements associated with continued re evaluation of problems and the lack of definitive criteria which are practical have also resulted in added cost. Civil Engineering Blog (2010b). According to them, economic conditions have added to the uncertainty that our company experiences. High inflation and high interest rates, the deregulation of financial institutions have created problems associated with the financing of construction.The stakeholders of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc (share holders and management) are interested in achieving some financial break through that will help get down the cost of projects and eliminate lengthy delays.The risks related to organisational relationships also affect the company. Strained relationship sometimes occurs between the various organisations involved in the design/construction process. According to Civil Engineering Blog (2010c), when problems occur discussions often centre on responsibilities rat her than project needs at a time when the revolve about should be on solving the problem.The risks associated with technological advancement also affect Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Some new technologies pose problems to designers and constructors. Many design assumptions which have served the professions well in the past may become obsolete in dealing in dealing with new types of facilities which may have greater complexity or scale or both. Civil Engineering Blog ( 2010d).SUSTAINABILITY OPPORTUNITIES OF JULIUS BERGER NIGERIA PLCSustainability opportunities of Julius Berger Nigeria Plc include the followsInvestment in human capital, investment in new technologies, corporate social responsibility and atomic number 6 footprint.AUDIT TO IDENTIFY AN ACTIVITY (CONSTRUCTION OF A STORM WATER PROJECT) THAT ADHERES PARTIALLY TO THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABILITY.In conducting the audit, the following steps were taken find out every action on constructionIdentify the actual activities that ar e not sustainableIdentify the number of activities that are Partially sustainableIdentify the number of altogether sustainable activities check if construction was based on best practices for eco efficiency.Identify the environmental impact of activities during constructionCalculate the current cost of the sustainable constructionJulius Berger Nigeria Plc construction activities cannot be considered as Green Construction which was defined as construction that achieves the beneficial objectives of engineering work with the lowest possible consumption of raw materials and energy, both during and after construction. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering ( 2007h). An audit conducted to identify whether the companys storm water project adheres only partially or wholly to the principles of sustainability revealed that the companys decisions on construction work were partially aimed at minimizing environmental burdens under five global consequences resource depletion, energy deplet ion, climate change, biodiversity, and human health. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007i). Best practices for eco-efficiency, such as increased energy/water efficiency, the minimization of waste and resource consumption, the employment of clean technologies were not employed. The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007j).SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT TOOLSustainability management tools that can be used to develop a sustainable solution to the storm water project include an EIA, ISO 14001 and GRI.Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) There are two assessment processes introduced under 2006 EIA regulations. These includeBasic Assessment This involves a simpler and high-velocity process of which the public participation process and development of the basic assessment report take place before the submission of an application. Jones (2010).ISO 14001 The international organization for standardization 14001 was published in 1996. It is the most well known and widely used s pecification standard on environmental management systems. Starkey and Welford (eds) (2005). ISO 14001 are also a series of voluntary, auditable standards that are designed to provide a reasonable assurance of the accuracy of the performance claims of companies. Weybrecht (2010a).GRI The Global Reporting Initiative (GTI) is for disclosure on economic, environmental, and social performance. This is as commonplace and comparable as financial reporting, and as important as a companys success. Weybrecht (2010b).AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY SOLUTION HIGHLIGHTED IN THE AUDITPromote the wise use of non renewable resources, waste minimization and recycling in engineering activities and the development of alternatives to the use of non renewable resourcesSelect materials and systems with low embodied energy and easy reusePromote the principles of conservation and energy efficiencyRigorously examine the basic functions and purposes behind a project to recognise options and alter natives that will increase sustainabilityIdentify appropriate technology for sustainable development, recognizing that may mean low-tech solutionsChoose a built form and orientation that contribute to environmental economies and future adaptability, tractability of use and reuseSelect construction methods that minimize the effects of construction and demolition in terms of land take, waste and pollutionAim to reduce natural, accidental and wilful hazardsConsider individual and cumulative social, economic and environmental impacts (the Triple Bottom line) including long-term and indirect impacts andAdopt practices, policies and design goals that focus on efficiency, conservation of materials and energy, and waste minimization.Adopted from The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (2007k).For construction activities at Julius Berger Nigeria Plc to be sustainable, the company should simply consider the whole life cycle assessment (LSA) of the alternatives when building a project. New Civil Engineering (2010f). In other words the company should first consider the whole life cycle of the project before construction starts. This will have the least effect on the environment and biodiversity. According to New Civil Engineering (2010g), this includes a detailed study of the stages of making, using and disposing of the product before choosing on an option. The stages of the project which starts from extraction of the raw materials needed for the project to the design of the project, the formulation, specification, processing, manufacturing, assembly, construction, packaging, use, maintenance, refurbishment, reusing, recycling and finally disposal. What obtains at Julius Berger is an analysis of the project to ascertain the cost, (profitability and affordability) and the best possible approach to undertake the project. However, even where every care is taken to reduce natural, accidental and wilful hazards, with emphasis on social, economic and environmental impacts, the project is undertaken using the normal unsustainable approach the company has adopted successfully over the years.CONCLUSIONIt is obvious that human societies have in the past decade or so taken a path which is clearly unsustainable. In Nigeria for instance there have been a whole lot of unsustainable activities by oil exploration and producing companies. This coupled with years of unsustainable construction and urban planning, poor environmental practices by the citizens, poor regulatory practices and a lack of compliance by multinational companies, has led to environmental problems like, oil spillages, gas flaring, erosion, soil and water contamination, acid rain etc in the oil rich country.Sustainability thusly has become an inevitable way forward in the face of a looming environmental catastrophe. As the years go by, fewer resources than we are now relying on in Nigeria will have to support the nearly over 150 million Nigerians that require food, water, clothing, shelter, el ectricity and other modern amenities of life. A growth in the population of Nigeria will put a further strain on available resources. This is where sustainability in the built environment becomes very necessary.A construction company like Julius Berger Nigeria plc can use this opportunity and offer sustainable civil engineering solutions to the environmental problems that Nigeria faces today. The opportunities or benefit of sustainable construction will have on the society is, cleaner environment, resource efficiency, compliance and effective risk management etc.

Relationship Between Police and Muslim Individuals

Relationship Between Police and Muslim IndividualsShamma Alsuwaidi entropyset cosmos used2014-15 Crime Survey of England and WalesVariable name of dependent unsettled quantitycopannoyVariable name of main sovereign variableMuslimWord count of this project2,672 wordsI have included my SPSS output as an appendix to this projectI am happy for an anonymised version of this project to be usedfor teaching purposes at the University of Kent My research drumheadIn this project, I examine the relationship between natural law officers and individuals from divergent religious groups. I will examine whether Muslims encounter more disturbing and discriminatory mystifys with the law of nature, comp atomic number 18d to those who keep up different devotions (Christians, Jews, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and those who do non follow any religion). Accordingly, the dependent variable I will be using is really gravel with the patrol, while my independent variable will be Muslim religion.Pot ential implements linking police malpractice to MuslimsI selected these variables because in a post-9/11 civilisation, Muslims are increasingly becoming more segregated from societies as a result of the increased media attention to them. People began to fear Muslims and attempts to segregate them from society were made by many. Muslims are now perceived as an foreigner group, a category of aggressive, extremist individuals, who pose a risk to British lifestyles (Rowe, 2013). Although Islam is the most gross religion amongst minorities, high rates of prejudice of Arabs and Muslims is evident in countries of the EU such as France and the UK. For instance, over 50% of hatful in Germany, France, and the UK identify and associate Muslims as radicals, aiming to promote their extreme religious beliefs (Jikeli, 2011).As a result, attitudes towards Muslims dramatically changed worldwide. Prejudice and hate spread, leading Arabs/Muslims to now face critical observation in every aspect of their lives. They support no longer travel, drive, and fuck creation out in public due to the favouritism they face in their everyday lives. In addition, instead of receiving support and protection from law enforcements, they are instead further victimised by them. Racial profiling, unjust treatment, unjustified investigations, harassment, and wrongful captures are now very common experiences between Muslims in European countries (Cainkar, 2002). In addition, it is not uncommon for an Arab to be randomly selected for security checks at airports, and even be prohibited from flying due to such prejudice views. However, discrimination against those coloured and those who acquire divergent features than typical Europeans do occur as well where gipsies (47%) and Africans (41%) experience higher levels of discrimination as well (Jikeli, 2011).I comport that Muslims are more likely to find themselves in mail services where they become irritated by the police, or unsatisfied with how the police deal with occurrences compared to those who follow another(prenominal) religions. This is because, at a time of increased awareness and fear of terrorism, and with socially and politically constructed images of Muslims, society would ultimately treat them in a hostile manner. As a result, members of the law enforcement are more likely to share the same views with society or would be inclined into targeting and eliminating any potential harm or brat of terrorism that could be caused to society. Therefore, the police would be more likely to be suspicious towards an Arab or Muslim.Dependent variableIn my analysis, I used info collected from the 2014/15 Crime Survey of England and Wales, which surveys adults (16+) bread and butter in private residence in the UK. My dependent variable is really annoyed by police, which comes from the capitulumHave you ever been really annoyed about the way a police officer behaved towards you or most i you know. OR about the way the pol ice handled a matter in which you were involved? This might have been a police officer or some other member of police staff.1. Yes- towards responsive2. Yes- towards someone else3. Yes- towards twain respondent and someone else4. NoI am missing statistics on the relative frequency of police aggravation, since 24,806 out of 33,350 individuals did not respond to this question. Below is the frequency table of those who did respondNumber of responsesFrequency (% of logical cases)No6,34174.2%Yes2,20325.8% descend8,544100%Table 1 Frequency table of police annoyanceSince the question gives respondents chances to respond in different yet similar ways, I modified the way in which responses are interpreted. For example* Yes towards respondent towards someone else towards both respondent and someone elseI integrated the responses in order to simplify the data. Instead of having various categories of the yes responses, they would all be integrated into an individual yes group. Therefore, m y dependent variable is respondents claiming themselves, another individual, or even both being irritated by any staff within the law enforcement agency. 25.8% of the valid respondents stated that they have been in an experience where they, and/or someone they know has been annoyed by the police, as shown in Table 1.Main independent variableThe main independent variable I am manipulating is the Islam religion. This is derived from the Crime Survey of England and Wales (2014/15), which is built upon individuals self- reported religion, at the time they took part in the questionnaire. The question is shown as the followingWhat is your religion, even if you are not currently practicing? CODE ONE ONLYIF YES, PROBE FOR RELIGION1. Christian (including Church of England, Catholic, Protestant, and all other Christian denominations)2. Buddhist3. Hindu4. Jewish5. Muslim6. Sikh7. Other (SPECIFY)8. No religionHere, I am missing 76 responses out of the total of 33,350 people who took part in the survey. These individuals either refused to purpose or claimed they did not know the answer. A frequency table of the remaining respondents can be seen in Table 2Number of responsesFrequency (% of valid cases)No3230997.1%Yes9652.9%Total33274100%Table 2 Frequency table of Muslim respondentsAs the question initially asks for their reported religions, I have created ii distinct response categories. For instance, those with no self-reported religion, and those associated with other religions (Jewish, Christian, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhists), are categorised as no. Whereas, Muslims respondents are placed in the yes category. This is because I was interested in making a general comparison of Muslim and non-Muslim perception of the police, in order to carry out my analysis.Control variablesIn this section of my analysis, I added ii further control variables, whether respondents live in urban or country-bred areas and their reported gender. Here, all 33,350 respondents answered the questi ons. This is achieved in order to explore other factors that could influence people to experience irritation from the actions or behaviour of the police.Although there was no precise question presented to determine whether a place of residence is in a rural or urban area, respondents had to describe the features of their neighbourhoods and provide their address (postcode) on the survey. As a result, rural areas come to be defined as areas where the population is microscopical than 10,000 communities where 7,567 (22.7%) of the respondents inhabit. However, exploring gender was based on the following questionCODE THE SEX OF EACH ADULT IN THE HOUSEHOLDIF NECESSARY Is (name) manlike or effeminate?MaleFemaleHere, the interviewer collects data on every member of a household, assuming their gender, unless they are uncertain. This data indicates that 45.1% (15,030) of the 33,350 respondents are males.Analysis snap off IIn my first stage of analysis, I examine the pattern of irritation from the police, by association of the Islam religion. The link between being a Muslim and the likelihood of being annoyed by the police is analysed by using a Crosstabs, as shown in the table belowTable 3 Link between police annoyance and Muslim religionHave not been annoyed with policeHave been annoyed with policeTotalNon-Muslim74.0%26.0%100%Muslim84.0%16.0%100%Total74.2%25.8%100%Total number of respondents for this analysis 8521Although 24,829 people did not answer this question, Table 3 shows data based on the 8,521 individuals who did. 16.0% of Muslim respondents claimed that they encountered a situation where an officer annoyed them, or someone they knew, in comparison to 26.0% of non-Muslim respondents. In other words, Muslims are 10% less likely to claim to be annoyed with an officer of the law, than those of other religions resulting in a different pattern than I predicted at the start of my analysis.Analysis Part II Is this pattern systematic?Data suggests that members of the Muslim community are less likely to be annoyed by the way police handle situations than others. However, this could have resulted from the disturbance of the sample, or randomness of how police members handle occurrences and behave towards people. So, I ran a regression toward the mean with being annoyed with the police as the dependent variable, and being Muslim as an independent variable to examine the patterns certainty. A table below discloses whether the pattern in systematicCoefficient (B)95% confidence intervalConstant0.2600.251 to 0.270Muslim-0.100-0.157 to -0.043Table 4 Regression table of influence of police annoyanceIn Table 4, we can see that the estimated effect correlates with the mean difference in the likelihood of being annoyed with the police, in the previous part Muslims are -0.100 (-10%) less likely than those of other religions, to state that they have been really annoyed with the police at one time. In addition, the regression table produces a confidence interval around this data -0.157 to -0.043 (-15.7% to -4.3%). Since the figure (-0.100) lies between the confidence icon, this data implies that we can be preferably assured that Muslims experience lower levels of police annoyance, in a systematic mannerIf we could create 100 worlds, and re-run the patterns, the true value would lie within the range (-0.157 to -0.043) 95 out of 100 times. Which, therefore, suggests that being Muslim decreases an individuals likelihood of being annoyed by the police, 10% less than those of other religions.In addition, as both figures in the confidence intervals are negative and the range is narrow this allows us to be instead confident that the pattern is systematic. However, we cannot be 100% certain.Analysis Part III Is this pattern causal? There are other possible factors that could explain the correlation between Muslims and dissatisfaction in how police handle situations. These confounders vary from the mechanism I examined earlier around po lice interactions around Muslims. For instanceAn individuals area of residence could adjoin the way the police interact with them. It is more likely for those vitality in deprived areas to experience injustice from the police, and therefore, hold negative images of police officers. They are also more likely than those in urban areas to have issues with police officers, as their neighbourhoods are likely to have high rates of criminal activities. In addition, police staff may be prejudice against people living in rural areas, labelling them as criminals, and therefore, treating them in a different manner.It could also be due to gender. As female criminality is not as common as those of men, police are known to focus on male suspects. Especially as there is a high rate of young male offenders in this century, male suspects are more likely to be annoyed by the police.In order to test both hypotheses, a further regression was carried out, which includes neighbourhood area (urban) and gender (male) as control variables (as defined above).Coefficient (B)95% confidence interval(Constant)0.1410.081 to 0.202No religion0.1470.089 to 0.206Christian 0.0770.019 to 0.134Hindu0.012-0.088 to 0.111Other religion0.1090.021 to 0.197Lives in urban area-0.017-0.039 to 0.005Male0.0730.054 to 0.091Table 5 Regression model of influences of being annoyed by the policeWe can see the impact of my control variables, as shown in Table 5Living in an urban area living in urban the areas, is associated with a decrease in being annoyed by the police by 0.017 (1.7%). Although this effect seems minimal, it could increase dramatically depending on how rural/urban an area is labelled as. However, here, we cannot be confident that the pattern is systematic, due to the confidence interval containing positive and negative figures (-0.039 to 0.005).Gender males in the community are more likely than females to be annoyed with the police, or how they handled a situation 7.3% (0.073). Here, we can be very certain that the pattern is systematic because the confidence interval range is very narrow.In order to boil down on my main area of interest, I pay particular attention to the difference in how the police deal with those of varying religions. We can analyse a contrast among both versions, in a chart shown belowCoefficient (B)95% confidence intervalOriginal model (no controls)-0.100-0.157 to -0.043Second model (with controls)-0.099-0.157 to -0.042Table 6 Comparison of effects of police annoyance on MuslimsThis suggests that the gap in how police interact with those of different religions, is almost identical in both models whereas, in the original model, Muslims are 10% (-0.100) less likely to have been annoyed by the police, and 9.9% less likely when controls are added. We can still be quite confident that Muslims are less likely to have been annoyed by the police, as the confidence intervals in both remain almost unchanged, and remain narrow. This indicates some proof of cau sality however, we cannot be 100% confident.While keeping reverse causality in mind, to further investigate whether there is a causal effect, we can be quite certain that it does not apply in this context. In other words, we would not infer that experiencing a dissatisfying experience with a member of the police causes an individual to become Muslim.Limitations conclusionIn this research, I researched whether Muslims are more likely to have been annoyed by a member of the police. I sour that they would be more exposed to the negative experiences and qualities of the police force, especially after 9/11. A period where Muslims would be forced to endure discrimination by society and the justice system (random searches, presumptions of terrorism, etc.). However, I came to find that my presumption was incorrect.I utilised the 2014-15 Crime Survey for England Wales study. This typically involves a questionnaire that examines the degree of crime and development in areas of England and Wales. From this survey, I discovered thatMuslims are less likely to be in a situation, where they became irritated by the police, in comparison to Jews, Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and those who do not follow any religion. Also, I found that we can be quite convinced that the pattern is systematic.When allowing for the possibility of alternative factors impacting Muslims experiences with the police, income and gender, the results of their experiences remains roughly identical. There is little or no possibility of reverse causality being possible in this context, as interactions with the police would not necessarily cause someone to follow a certain religion.However, a few limitations can be found in this study, altering the way findings are gathered and construed. For instance, there could be other factors that clarify the link between being of Muslim religion and being irritated with the police. In this case, Muslims may be less likely to report their victimisation, espe cially reporting against a police officer. In addition, the Crime Survey for England Wales may be less available to Muslims than those of other religions, creating a bias or atypical sample.Another limitation is in the way the question is asked towards you or someone you know. This question includes others interactions with the police (or someone you know), therefore, although a respondent did not personally olfaction irritated by the police at a given point, the would report some form of police annoyance. Therefore, data collected could be inaccurate, as their responses could move the way the statements are interpreted. As a result, data would suggest that those of other religions are more likely to have been annoyed by the police.Although certainty of a causal effect is not definite, my inspection of the data indicates that a causal effect of religion (being Muslim) on how the police interact with individuals does exist, in some manner.BibliographyCainkar, L. (2002). No Longer Invisible Arab and Muslim Exclusion after September 11. Middle East Report, Online 32(224), pp. 22-23. Available from http//epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006context=socs_fac Accessed 15 Mar. 2017.Jikeli, G. (2011). DISCRIMINATION OF EUROPEAN MUSLIMS SELF-PERCEPTIONS, EXPERIENCES AND DISCOURSES OF VICTIMHOOD. 1st edn. ebook Nova erudition Publishers, Inc., pp. 1-3. Available from https//www.researchgate.net/profile/Gunther_Jikeli2/publication/289972827_Discrimination_of_European_Muslims_Self-Perceptions_Experiences_and_Discourses_of_Victimhood/links/56b2596708aed7ba3fedcded.pdf Accessed 15 Mar. 2017.Rowe, M. (2013). Policing beyond Macpherson. 1st edn. Routledge, 2013, pp. 109-111.

My Teaching Philosophy :: Essays Papers

My Teaching PhilosophyWhy do you want to be a teacher?This is a question I am frequently learned by rich relatives considering my choice from a monetary perspective by my grandparents who both taught in the Bronx for 30 years and most frequently by myself.Why do I want to teach?Why have I decided on chronicle and social studies? In all honesty there have been many different answers to that question and the answer has changed three times since the start of this paragraph.I suppose deduct of being young is inconsistency.I am no different.But understanding these differences and understanding muckle is the key.I think I have a gift to see inside people and to help them see inside themselves.Right now there are three main reasons why I have chosen teaching history to by my life long profession, or at least until I have a mid-life crisis.These reasons are as follows passion, ability and, no matter how clich, the desire to function a difference. Since I was a pincer I have always been fascinated with history.I could watch the History and Discovery channels for hours. I had read the boom works of Jane Austin by the end of middle school.I used to go to the local museum and wander around for hours.In the second grade we took a field move to see the Bill of Rights, which was on tour for its 200th birthday.Honestly, I remember very little of the actual document itself, but I will never forget the feeling.I knew it was important, because my teacher told so, and I chicane the awe it inspired in people.I think that is where this passion began.I received the Civil War documentary by mass Burns on my tenth birthday and went to the Tower of London on my thirteenth.What started as awe has become my passion. What will this passion mean to my students you may ask?My father is a Roman Catholic from the Netherlands.My mother is a Jewish girl from Brooklyn.They met in a sheep field in Israel.I am a child of divorce and have a crease in my nose.The point is that I have a sto ry.This story is more important than I can say.To know my story is know where I come from.This story, the story of my students, history is my passion.We are living it and breathing it.We are history.In my classroom I want to teach my students to veneration about who they are and where they come from.

Marriage in Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice Essays

Marriage in Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universally hold that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. Jane Austen provides subsequent debate with the primary line of her novel, Pride and Prejudice. A statement that re of imports true to this very day. Austens first statement sets up the beginning of the novel. She states that a man, financially hearty off, except with no mate to accompany him to share in his wealth, is undoubtedly in search of a wife. In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy play the role of the bass men. Mr. And Mrs. white avens are the parents of five unwed daughters. Mr. And Mrs. bennet have conflicting thoughts close to the arrival of the rich neighbors. Mr. white avens thinks nothing of it. He has no in the altogether thoughts about the arrival of Bingley and Darcy. Mrs. Bennet sees flashing lights. She views it as the perfect chance to automatically place a few of her five daughters into the r ich community. Marrying off her daughters serves as the main purpose in Mrs. Bennets life. Mrs. Bennet wants her husband to go and energize a greeting to the new crowd. Her plans are to get in contact with them and make alive(predicate) her five unmarried daughters. Mrs. Bennet encourages her daughter, Jane, to set her sights on Mr. Bingley. Mr. Bennets sarcastic comments prove his disconcert on the whole topic. When Jane is invited to meet with Mr. Bingley and his sister, Mrs. Bennet suggests that she go by ahorseback in hopes that she could probably get ill and extend her stay. Mrs. Bennets mind is always thinking of ways to marry off her daughters. Her idea works to nonsuch and Jane ends up staying longer. Mrs. Bennet goes to work again at the arrival of Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennets cousin. Mr. Collins stays at the Bennets house for a short time. He will get Longbourn when Mr. Bennet dies since he will be the only, close male relative. Mr. Collins first intentions are toward Jane, but Ms. Bennet informs him of Bingley. Collins then changes his target to Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is astonished at the rejection from Elizabeth.Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Pride Prejudice EssaysMarriage in Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. Jane Austen provides subsequent argument with the first line of her novel, Pride and Prejudice. A statement that remains true to this very day. Austens first statement sets up the beginning of the novel. She states that a man, financially well off, but with no mate to accompany him to share in his wealth, is undoubtedly in search of a wife. In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy play the role of the rich men. Mr. And Mrs. Bennet are the parents of five unwed daughters. Mr. And Mrs. Bennet have conflicting thoughts about the arrival of the rich neighbors. Mr. Bennet thinks nothing of it. He has no new thoughts about the arrival of Bingley and Darcy. Mrs. Bennet sees flashing lights. She views it as the perfect chance to automatically place a few of her five daughters into the rich community. Marrying off her daughters serves as the main purpose in Mrs. Bennets life. Mrs. Bennet wants her husband to go and make a greeting to the new crowd. Her plans are to get in contact with them and make aware her five unmarried daughters. Mrs. Bennet encourages her daughter, Jane, to set her sights on Mr. Bingley. Mr. Bennets sarcastic comments prove his disconcert on the whole topic. When Jane is invited to meet with Mr. Bingley and his sister, Mrs. Bennet suggests that she go by horseback in hopes that she could probably get ill and extend her stay. Mrs. Bennets mind is always thinking of ways to marry off her daughters. Her idea works to perfection and Jane ends up staying longer. Mrs. Bennet goes to work again at the arrival of Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennets cousin. Mr. Collins st ays at the Bennets house for a short time. He will inherit Longbourn when Mr. Bennet dies since he will be the only, close male relative. Mr. Collins first intentions are toward Jane, but Ms. Bennet informs him of Bingley. Collins then changes his target to Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is astounded at the rejection from Elizabeth.